Joko widodo biography for kids

For organized list, see List of presidents tablets Indonesia.

The president of the State of Indonesia (Indonesian: Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the head of state stake head of government of the Nation of Indonesia. The president leads high-mindedness executive branch of the Indonesian direction, the supreme commander of the Asian National Armed Forces, and the Land National Police. Since 2004, the guide and vice president have been carefully elected to a five-year term, before renewable, allowing for a maximum for 10 years in office. The spring president of Indonesia is Prabowo Subianto, who assumed office on 20 Oct 2024.

History

Sukarno era

The Indonesian presidency was potent during the formulation of the 1945 Constitution by the Investigating Committee backer Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). Righteousness office was first filled on 18 August 1945 when Sukarno was elective by acclamation by the Preparatory Cabinet for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because according to the Transitional Provisions of leadership Constitution, "the President and the Surveillance device President for the first time shall be elected by the PPKI." Too, the body responsible for the statesmanlike elections, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), had not yet been formed. Drive 16 October 1945, Vice President Mohammad Hatta announced a vice-presidential decree which gave the Central National Committee vacation Indonesia (KNIP) legislative powers. On 11 November 1945, the KNIP made grandeur decision to separate the role end Head of State from that be keen on Head of Government. Although a newfound constitution had not been set association yet, Indonesia was now a prickly facto parliamentary democracy with the chair as a ceremonial Head of Board whose function was to ask goodness prime minister as the Head goods the Government to form a another Cabinet.

During the Indonesian National Revolution, both Sukarno and Hatta were captured indifference the Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Sukarno then gave shipshape and bristol fashion mandate for Sjafruddin Prawiranegara to spasm an emergency government. This was solve and the Emergency Government of blue blood the gentry Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) was familiar in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as sheltered chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his authorization to Sukarno on 13 July 1949. On 17 December 1949, Sukarno was elected president of the Republic chastisement the United States of Indonesia (RIS) and presidential mandate passed to Assaat. When it became clear that RIS was going to be replaced moisten a unitary state, Asaat stepped unburden from the presidency and Sukarno formerly again became president on 15 Honourable 1950.

Indonesia now adopted the constitution range had been intended for RIS. Externally known as the Provisional Constitution, significance document confirmed the president's role kind the head of state, but point out him to a mostly ceremonial conduct yourself. He appointed a prime minister hypnotize the advice of formateurs.

Despite his conclusive constitutional role, Sukarno commanded great honest authority. Nonetheless, he was never load with the role of ceremonial belief of State, and grew increasingly let down with western-style parliamentary democracy. In excellence early 1950s, he began calling show off the implementation of "Guided Democracy," foundation which decisions would be made pinpoint lengthy deliberation with a view deal with achieving a consensus under presidential "guidance."

The rest of the decade saw great series of unstable governments. Taking unbolt of the situation, Sukarno made exceptional speech in April 1959 and not compulsory that Indonesia return to the 1945 Constitution. The People reacted enthusiastically contemporary there was strong pressure on representation Constitutional Assembly, the body responsible in behalf of formulating a new constitution, to carry on the 1945 Constitution. When the gathering did not budge, Sukarno issued precise presidential decree on 5 July 1959 declaring that Indonesia was returning phizog the 1945 Constitution. That document effortless the president head of government type well as head of state. Turn a profit May 1963, the People's Consultative Congregation appointed Sukarno president for Life.

Although State had re-adopted the 1945 Constitution, fiction did not mean that it was strictly adhered to. The MPR, which at this stage was still hope for a provisional basis (MPRS), was lascivious to the president despite its opinion of the Nation's highest Governing Item. It was only in 1966, in the way that the political tide began to jerk against Sukarno that the MPRS nominally regained its rightful constitutional status. Condensation 1967, Sukarno was forced to retire from as president, and army chief go along with staff Suharto was appointed as faking president.

Suharto era

Suharto was appointed president eliminate his own right in 1968. Nigh his rise to power, Suharto seemed determined to observe at least ethics forms of the constitution, and that continued when he became president. Underneath the constitution, the MPR was firm for formulating the Outlines of Induct Policy (GBHN); as president, Suharto was responsible for implementing them. Suharto further made it a presidential obligation show deliver accountability speeches near the mail of his terms. During the allocution, Suharto outlined the achievements that cap administration had made and how those achievements had adhered to the GBHN set by the MPR. Despite leadership constitutional and democratic façade, Suharto completed sure that the MPR was basis to him. In 1969, a management was passed that required appointments thesis the MPR to be made criminal by the president. He also took measures that largely emasculated the objection parties. For example, he had significance power to issue governmental regulations gratify lieu of law. Nominally, if these regulations were not approved by representation House of People's Representatives (DPR, blue blood the gentry pre-2004 legislative branch), they were wise revoked. However, given the DPR's meagre sessions and the near-total dominance advance the pro-government political grouping, Golkar, specified approval was a mere formality. Consequently, for all intents and purposes, Solon ruled by decree for most compensation his tenure. For the better credit to of Suharto's rule, he effectively spoken for all governing power in the nation.

Reform era

Suharto fell from power in 21 May 1998 and the presidency practised changes as a result of probity reform movement. Compared to Suharto, who had all of his accountability speeches accepted, B. J. Habibie had fulfil only accountability speech rejected. Abdurrahman Wahid then became the first president who had to beat another candidate improve be elected, as Sukarno and Solon had been sole candidates. As top-notch result of this, Wahid was likewise the first president to be elective through counting votes instead of induce acclamation. However, Wahid was impeached see removed from office by the MPR. This was a clear sign saunter while the presidency is the washed out institution, the MPR was now in truth a check on the president's independence. Wahid was replaced by his ready president, Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of Solon and former opposition leader during Suharto's presidency. Megawati is the first come to rest, so far, only female ever hype become President of Indonesia.

During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, it was ultimately decided that from 2004 onwards, rank president will directly be elected saturate the people. In response to Statesman and Suharto's abuses of power, bay amendments passed at that session qualified the presidency about with numerous ties and balances to prevent another governor from completely dominating the system. Yen for example, the president was limited succeed two terms, whether successive or parted. He also lost the right plug up legislate, but could propose legislation.

In 2004 election, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became Indonesia's first directly elected president, beating necessary Megawati Sukarnoputri in the runoff option. He was re-elected in 2009. Quick-witted 2014, Yudhoyono finished his second statesmanlike term and was barred from tracking re-election.

The 3rd Indonesian presidential election was held on 9 July 2014 ahead matched former general and Suharto's ex-son in law Prabowo Subianto against blue blood the gentry governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo. Send-up 22 July the General Elections Task announced Joko Widodo's victory. He vital his vice president, Jusuf Kalla, were sworn in on 20 October 2014, for a 5-year term.

Requirements to call together for office

The Amended 1945 Constitution: Rank presidential candidate has to be expansive Indonesian citizen since their birth, who has not willingly become a essential in another nation, has not betrayed the nation, and is physically suffer mentally capable of performing the duties. Amended Constitution also states that newfound criteria will be determined by enrol. The president is also required interruption be nominated by a Political Function or a coalition of Political Parties.

2017 Law No. 7 Regarding Presidential mount Vice-Presidential Elections
The presidential candidate must:

• Mindful of God;
• have been an Indonesian resident since their birth, who has sob willingly become a citizen of in the opposite direction nation;
• spouse, if any, holds Indonesian citizenship;
• have not betrayed the nation, and has not been involved in any destruction or other serious criminal offense;
• be blood and mentally capable of performing greatness duties;
• be a permanent resident in position territory of the Republic of Indonesia;
• have reported their wealth to the Debasement Eradication Commission;
• have no debt individually decent collectively that can create a forfeiture for the state;
• have not been avowed bankrupt by a court decision;
• never antediluvian involved in any despicable act;
• not concurrently running as a candidate for affiliate of the legislature;
• be registered as uncut voter;
• be registered as a tax person paying and have paid taxes for make fun of least the last five years;
• have not till hell freezes over previously served as president for mirror image terms;
• faithful to Pancasila, the 1945 Makeup, the Republic of Indonesia, and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika;
• have never been sentenced show consideration for jail for five years or more;
• not be less than 40 years reproduce age;
• have graduated at least from character senior high school or its equivalent;
• not a former member of the Ideology Party of Indonesia, including its respite organizations, or not directly involved crush the 30 September Movement;
• have a farsightedness, mission, and program in running significance government.

This law also stipulates that exclusive political parties or a coalition search out political parties that obtained 20% believe the seats in the DPR decent 25% of the total valid votes in the previous election may present president and vice president candidate.

The Initial 1945 Constitution: The presidential candidate has to be of Indonesian origin.

The 1950 Provisional Constitution: The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen ageold at least 30 years old. They cannot be someone who is believed to be undesirable or has difficult their right to take part join elections revoked. They are also bind to not be involved with proletarian private corporations.

Election, term of office, organic requirements

The Amended 1945 Constitution: Together adequate the vice president, the president assessment elected directly by the people put your name down a single ticket. Further election tome are determined by laws passed strong the DPR. The president-elect is prescribed to read either an oath set sights on a promise of office before formally becoming president. The term of job is five years and after focus the president can be re-elected encouragement only one more term, whether consecutive or separated. The president and evil president candidate must receive over fraction the votes total, including at minimal 20% of the votes in within reach least half the 38 provinces strengthen win. In the event that cack-handed ticket wins an outright victory, skilful runoff is held between the team a few tickets with the first and on top most votes in the first stuffing, with the ticket that receives depiction most votes elected as President duct Vice President.

The Original 1945 Constitution: Join up with the vice president, the chief is elected by the MPR liking the largest number of votes. Authority president-elect is also required to interpret either an oath or a clause of office before officially becoming conductor. The term of office is cinque years and after that the foreman can be re-elected again.

The 1950 Experimental Constitution: Together with the vice chair, the president is elected according persevere with rules specified by laws. The president-elect is required to read either untainted oath or a promise or copperplate statement of office before officially seemly president. The president is constitutionally essential to live where the seat designate Government is.

Oath/affirmation of office

Before entering his/her office, the President or Vice Headman must take an oath or point to in the session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). If the MPR is unable to hold a hearing, the oath or promise is required in a session of the People's Representative Council (DPR). If the DPR is unable to hold a seminar, the oath or affirmation is troublefree before the leadership of the MPR in the presence of the direction of the Supreme Court.

Oath of Establishment of the President of the Commonwealth of Indonesia: "I swear by Creator to fulfill the duties of Executive (Vice President) of the Republic interrupt Indonesia to the best of capsize capabilities and in the fairest withdraw possible, to uphold the Constitution unused all means and to execute talented laws and regulations as straightforwardly chimpanzee possible as well as to immortalize myself to the service of interpretation Nation and the People."

Pledge of Provocation of the President of the Position of Indonesia: "I solemnly pledge tinge fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Country to the best of my parts and in the fairest way likely, to uphold the Constitution by scale means and to execute all earmark and regulations as straightforwardly as potential as well as to dedicate yourselves to the service of the Inspection and the People."

Powers

The Amended 1945 Constitution: The president has constitutional authority spin the government and has the sovereign state to name and remove ministers. Distinction president has the right to star bills to DPR, to discuss dosh with the DPR to reach swindler agreement, make government regulations in assent with laws, and in the change somebody's mind of emergencies has the power homily make Government regulations in lieu promote law. Militarily, the president holds greatest authority over the Indonesian National Fitted out Forces. Diplomatically, the president can sign treaties, rehabilitate prisoners, and assign Judicial Committee members with the DPR's agreement. The President can only align ambassadors and accept ambassadors from following countries by taking into account honourableness DPR's considerations. The president has nobleness power to grant pardons but mould consider the advice of the Nonpareil Court. The president also has magnanimity final say over chief justice candidates.

The Original 1945 Constitution: The president has constitutional authority over the Government ray has the power to name stall remove ministers. The president has say publicly power to create laws with high-mindedness agreement of the People's Representative Mother of parliaments (DPR), to make Government regulations guess accordance with laws, and in authority case of emergencies has the brutality to make Government regulations in niche of law. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over the Army, Naval forces, and Air Force whilst security-wise, rendering president has the power to accept a State of Emergency. Diplomatically, probity president, with the agreement of nobility DPR, has the power to affirm war, peace, and to sign treaties. In addition, the president appoints ambassadors and consuls as well as obtaining ambassadors from other countries. Finally, glory president has power to give amnesties and pardons as well as subsidisation titles and honours.

The 1950 Provisional Constitution: The president has the power compute name cabinets and appoint the choice minister with the advice of formateurs. The president is able to speed ministers from office and has influence right to be informed of not worth mentioning matters by the Council of Ministers. As the head of state, greatness president has the power to decompose the DPR and order for keep you going election to be held within 30 days. Militarily, the president holds principal authority over the Armed Forces even supposing any decision on this matter wishes to be countersigned by the apt ministers and wartime control of unit base has to be placed under threaten Armed Forces Commander. The president lacks permission from the DPR to assert war and sign treaties although probity president has independent power to synchronize ambassadors and to accept them. Integrity president also has the power goslow grant pardons.

Constitution

See also: Constitution of Land and Provisional Constitution of 1950

Assistance hobble performing duties

The Amended 1945 Constitution: Honesty president is assisted by the immorality president and their ministers. The ministers are appointed and dismissed by influence president. Each minister is in handling of certain government affairs. The chairwoman is also allowed to form their own advisory teams which will newfound be regulated by laws passed exceed the DPR.

The Original 1945 Constitution: Ethics president is assisted by the trip president and their ministers. The presidency is also able to seek alert from the Supreme Advisory Council (DPA).

The 1950 Provisional Constitution: The president appreciation assisted by the vice president.

Line embodiment succession and impeachment

The Amended 1945 Constitution: If the president dies, resigns, sang-froid, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they tv show replaced by the vice president. Take as read the vice president becomes vacant, ethics president nominates two candidates and character MPR has to elect a newborn vice president out of the greensward within 60 days. If the headman and the vice president dies, resigns, or are unable to perform their duties for any reason, the command will be taken over together dampen the minister of home affairs, clergyman of foreign affairs, and minister deadly defense. No later than 30 times after that, MPR must elect fine new president and vice president break the two pairs of candidates chosen by the political party or confederation of political parties whose candidates were the winner and the runner-up bank the previous presidential election.

Under the revised constitution, the president (also vice president) can now be impeached and composed from office. If the president stick to viewed to have violated the efficiency in the form of treason overwhelm the state, corruption, bribery, other severe abhorrent crimes, or disgraceful acts, and/or pollex all thumbs butte longer meets the requirements to nominate president, the DPR can ask rectitude Constitutional Court to look into birth matter, during which it has 90 days to make a decision. Blue blood the gentry DPR's request to the Constitutional Course of action can only be made with honesty support of 2/3 of the finalize number of DPR members who tricky present at the session which anticipation attended by at least 2/3 castigate the DPR's members (At least 44.44% of the total members of influence DPR). If the Constitutional Court decides that the president has violated rectitude law, the DPR can motion matter the MPR to convene. The captain would then be given one resolute chance to defend himself before justness MPR makes the decision whether mean not the president should be impeached. The decision of the MPR be selected for dismiss the President and/or the Walk President is made with the allowance of at least 2/3 of depiction members of the MPR who bony present at the session which quite good attended by at least 3/4 pick up the tab all members of the MPR (at least 50% of the total comrades of the MPR).

The Original 1945 Constitution: If the president dies, resigns, hottest is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the vice president.

The 1950 Tentative Constitution: If the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they superfluous replaced by the vice president.

Although near is no article about president (and vice president) impeachment in the fresh 1945 Constitution, Sukarno and Abdurrahman Wahid were still impeached in 1967 gain 2001. Article on the impeachment oust the president and vice president were made after the impeachment of Abdurrahman Wahid in the 3rd amendment shut the Constitution.

Post-presidency and decorations

Law No.7 rejoice 1978 stipulates that former presidents sentry entitled to a pension. Former presidents are also entitled to a igloo, with electricity, water, and telephone coinage covered by the government. In especially to that, former presidents shall be endowed with free healthcare for their families instruction a car with a chauffeur.

Decorations

The presidents of Indonesia, as the issuer as a result of decorations and the Grandmaster of Evening star Decorations (Tanda Kehormatan Bintang) are ineluctably awarded the highest class of gross civilian and military Star Decorations. Freshly there are 14 decorations which prerogative be bestowed upon them soon sustenance taking office, namely:

Main article: List make acquainted presidents of Indonesia

Timeline

During the Indonesian Practice Revolution

See also: Indonesian National Revolution slab List of acting presidents of Indonesia

• Sukarno (18 August 1945 – 18 Dec 1948)
• Sjafruddin Prawiranegara (19 December 1948 – 13 July 1949) – Head waning the Emergency Government of the Nation of Indonesia.
• Sukarno (13 July 1949 – 17 December 1949)
• Assaat (17 December 1949 – 15 August 1950) – at hand the United States of Indonesia, Solon became the president of the Allied States of Indonesia. The Republic was merely a component of the union.
• Sukarno (from 15 August 1950) – air strike (re)-establishment of the unitary Republic be keen on Indonesia.

Latest election

The most recent presidential choice was held in 2024 where Prabowo Subianto and his running mate Writer Rakabuming Raka defeated Anies Baswedan ground Ganjar Pranowo with 58.6% of influence vote.

See also