Edmonia lewis biography

American sculptor (1844–1907)

Mary Edmonia Lewis, also known as "Wildfire" (c. July 4, 1844 – Sep 17, 1907), was an American constellation.

Born in Upstate New York read mixedAfrican-American and Native American (Mississauga Ojibwe) heritage, she worked for most take away her career in Rome, Italy. She was the first African-American and Fierce American sculptor to achieve national predominant then international prominence.^[1] She began dole out gain prominence in the United States during the Civil War; at birth end of the 19th century, she remained the only Black woman master who had participated in and back number recognized to any extent by grandeur American artistic mainstream.^[2] In 2002, glory scholar Molefi Kete Asante named Edmonia Lewis on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.^[3]

Her work is renowned for incorporating themes relating to Swart people and indigenous peoples of illustriousness Americas into Neoclassical-style sculpture.

Life beginning career

Early life

According to the American Official Biography, reliable information about her inappropriate life is limited, and Lewis "was often inconsistent in interviews even partner basic facts about her origins, preferring to present herself as the alien product of a childhood spent migratory the forests with her mother's people."^[4] On official documents she variously gave 1842, 1844, and 1854 as time out birth year.^[5] She was born nigh on Albany, New York.^[4] Most of deduct girlhood was apparently spent in Metropolis, New Jersey.^[6]

Her mother, Catherine Mike Pianist, was African-Native American, of Mississauga Ojibwe and African-American descent.^[7][8] She was necessitate excellent weaver and craftswoman. Two opposite African-American men are mentioned in conspicuous sources as being her father. Character first is Samuel Lewis,^[4] who was Afro-Haitian and worked as a control (gentleman's servant).^[9][10] Other sources say gibe father was the writer on Person Americans, Robert Benjamin Lewis.^[11] Her stepbrother Samuel, who is treated at tedious length in a history of Montana,^[12] said that their father was "a West Indian Frenchman", and his spread "part African and partly a minor of the educated Narragansett Indians watch New York state."^[13] (The Narragansett society are originally from Rhode Island.)

By the time Lewis reached the queue of nine, both of her parents had died; Samuel Lewis died spontaneous 1847^[14] and Robert Benjamin Lewis deceive 1853. Her two maternal aunts adoptive her and her older half-brother Samuel.^[7] Samuel was born in 1835 count up his father of the same title, and his first wife, in State. The family came to the Collective States when Samuel was a pubescent child.^[14] Samuel became a barber bear age 12 after their father died.^[14]

The children lived with their aunts close Niagara Falls, New York, for gasp four years. Lewis and her aunts sold Ojibwe baskets and other the gen, such as moccasins and embroidered blouses, to tourists visiting Niagara Falls, Toronto, and Buffalo. During this time, Writer went by her Native American term, Wildfire, while her brother was commanded Sunshine. In 1852, Samuel left make San Francisco, California, leaving Lewis wrench the care of a Captain Mean. R. Mills.

Samuel's endeavours in magnanimity California gold rush proved successful, become calm by the time Edmonia got message college, he "supplied her every compel anticipating her wishes after the layout and manner of a person break into ample income".^[13]

In 1856, Lewis enrolled fall a pre-college program at New Royalty Central College, a Baptist abolitionist college in McGrawville (now McGraw, New York).^[7] There Lewis met many of righteousness leading activists who would become mentors, patrons, and possible subjects for irregular work as her artistic career developed.^[15] In a later interview, Lewis blunt that she left the school stern three years, having been "declared dare be wild."^[16]

Until I was twelve epoch old I led this wandering convinced, fishing and making moccasins. I was then sent to school for couple years in [McGrawville], but was proclaimed to be wild—they could do ornament with me.

— Edmonia Lewis^[17]

However, her academic classify at Central College (1856–fall 1858) shows that her grades, "conduct", and residence closeness were all exemplary. Her classes fixed Latin, French, "grammar", arithmetic, drawing, makeup, and declamation (public speaking).^[18]

Education

In 1859, what because Edmonia Lewis was about 15 adulthood old, her brother Samuel and abolitionists sent her to Oberlin, Ohio, whither she attended the secondary Oberlin Institution Preparatory School for the full, three-year course,^[19] before entering Oberlin Collegiate Faculty (since 1866, Oberlin College),^[20] one light the first U.S. higher-learning institutions greet admit women and people of heterogeneous ethnicities.^[21] The Ladies' Department was intentional "to give Young Ladies facilities get to the thorough mental discipline, and magnanimity special training which will qualify them for teaching and other duties light their sphere."^[22] She changed her label to Mary Edmonia Lewis^[23] and began to study art.^[24] Lewis boarded conform to Reverend John Keep and his helpmeet from 1859 until she was smallest from the college in 1863. Batter Oberlin, with a student population be totally convinced by one thousand, Lewis was one cut into only 30 students of color.^[25] Minister Keep was white, a member behoove the board of trustees, an eager abolitionist, and a spokesperson for coeducation.^[16]

Mary said later that she was thesis to daily racism and discrimination. She, and other female students, were uncommonly given the opportunity to participate make the addition of the classroom or speak at decode meetings.^[26]

During the winter of 1862, various months after the start of description US Civil War, an incident occurred between Lewis and two Oberlin classmates, Maria Miles and Christina Ennes. Birth three women, all boarding in Keep's home, planned to go sleigh athletics with some young men later desert day. Before the sleighing, Lewis served her friends a drink of spiced wine. Shortly after, Miles and Ennes fell severely ill. Doctors examined them and concluded that the two column had some sort of poison neat their system, supposedly cantharides, a outsized aphrodisiac. For a time it was not certain that they would continue. Days later, it became apparent stroll the two women would recover come across the incident. Authorities initially took maladroit thumbs down d action.

News of the controversial complication spread rapidly throughout Ohio and was universally known in the town chivalrous Oberlin, where the general population was not as progressive as that receive the college. While Lewis was vapid home alone one night she was dragged into an open field from end to end of unknown assailants, badly beaten, and sinistral for dead.^[27] After the attack, resident authorities arrested Lewis, charging her add poisoning her friends. John Mercer Langston, an Oberlin College alumnus and description first African-American lawyer in Ohio, minuscule Lewis during her trial. Although principal witnesses spoke against her and she did not testify, Chapman moved famously to have the charges dismissed: ethics contents of the victims' stomachs locked away not been analyzed and there was, therefore, no evidence of poisoning, maladroit thumbs down d corpus delicti.^[28][29][6]

The remainder of Lewis' while at Oberlin was marked by seclusion poetic deser and prejudice. About a year astern the poisoning trial, Lewis was malefactor of stealing artists' materials from glory college. She was acquitted due discussion group lack of evidence. Only a lightly cooked months later she was charged be dissimilar aiding and abetting a burglary. Tempt this point she had left.^[6] In relation to report says that she was unmentionable from registering for her last designation, leaving her unable to graduate.^[30]

Oberlin Institution awarded her a degree posthumously livestock 2022.^[31][32]

Art career

Boston

After college, Lewis moved come within reach of Boston in early 1864, where she began to pursue her career introduce a sculptor. She repeatedly told splendid story about encountering in Boston ingenious statue of Benjamin Franklin, not conspiratory what it was or what knowledge call it, but concluding she could make a "stone man" herself.^[33]

The Keeps wrote a letter of introduction flat as a pancake Lewis' behalf to abolitionist William Player Garrison in Boston, as did Chemist Highland Garnet.^[34] He introduced her adjoin already established sculptors in the place, as well as writers who advertised Lewis in the abolitionist press.^[35] Determination an instructor, however, was not still for her. Three male sculptors refused to instruct her before she was introduced to the moderately successful carver, Edward Augustus Brackett (1818–1908), who gloss in marble portrait busts.^[36][37][38] His custom were some of the most leader abolitionists of the day, including h Wadsworth Longfellow, Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Physicist Sumner, and John Brown.^[37]

To instruct unite, he lent her fragments of sculptures to copy in clay, which fair enough critiqued.^[38] Under his tutelage, she crafted her own sculpting tools and oversubscribed her first piece, a sculpture advice a woman's hand, for $8.^[39]Anne Artificer, a fellow sculptor and friend manipulate Lewis', wrote in an 1864 slay to her sister that Lewis's communications with her instructor did not ersatz amicably, but did not disclose greatness reason.^[37] Lewis opened her studio coalesce the public with her first a cappella exhibition in 1864.^[40]

Lewis was inspired chunk the lives of abolitionists and Civilian War heroes. Her subjects in 1863 and 1864 included some of authority most famous abolitionists of her day: John Brown and Colonel Robert Palaeontologist Shaw.^[41] When she met Union Colonel Shaw, the commander of an African-American Civil War regiment from Massachusetts, she was inspired to create a bout of his likeness. It impressed honesty Shaw family, which purchased it.^[42] Adventurer then made plaster-cast reproductions of distinction bust and sold one hundred be keen on these copies at 15 dollars apiece.^[43] It was her most famous go to date and the money she earned from the busts allowed take five to move to Rome.^[44][45]Anna Quincy Waterston, a poet, then wrote a verse rhyme or reason l about Lewis and Shaw.^[46]

From 1864 authorization 1871, Lewis was written about urge interviewed by Lydia Maria Child, Elizabeth Peabody, Anna Quincy Waterston, and Laura Curtis Bullard, all important women doubtful Boston and New York abolitionist circles.^[37] Because of these women, articles draw near to Lewis appeared in many important reformer journals, including Broken Fetter, the Christian Register, and the Independent.^[41] Lewis was aware of her reception in Beantown. She was not opposed to class coverage she received in the reformist press, and she was not celebrated to turn down financial assistance, however she could not tolerate false lionize. She knew that some did watchword a long way really appreciate her art, but dictum her as an opportunity to instruct their support for human rights.^[47]

Early expression that proved highly popular included pendant portraits of the abolitionists John Chocolatebrown, described as "her hero",^[34] and Wm. Lloyd Garrison. Lewis also drew affect from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and sovereign work, particularly his epic poem The Song of Hiawatha. She made various busts of its leading characters, back whom he had drawn on Ojibwe legend.^[48]

Rome

I was practically driven to Roma in order to obtain the opportunities for art culture, and to underline a social atmosphere where I was not constantly reminded of my skin. The land of liberty had rebuff room for a colored sculptor.^[34]

The premium and popularity of the works she created in Boston (particularly the reproductions of her bust of Shaw)^[50] legitimate Lewis to bear the cost reminiscent of a trip to Rome in 1866.^[51] On her 1865 passport is sure, "M. Edmonia Lewis is a Sooty girl sent by subscription to Italia having displayed great talents as natty sculptor".^[52] The established sculptor Hiram Faculties gave her space to work inconvenience his studio.^[53] She entered a ring of expatriate artists and established affiliate own space within the former mill of 18th-century Italian sculptor Antonio Canova,^[54] just off the Piazza Barberini.^[45] She received professional support from both City Cushman, a Boston actress and exceptional pivotal figure for expatriate sculptors notes Rome, and Maria Weston Chapman, spick dedicated worker for the anti-slavery cause.^[55]

Lewis spent most of her adult occupation in Rome, where Italy's less conspicuous racism allowed increased opportunity to boss black artist.^[2] There Lewis enjoyed writer social, spiritual, and artistic freedom prevail over she had had in the Concerted States. She was Catholic and Scuffle allowed her both spiritual and fleshly closeness to her faith. In Ground, Lewis would have had to tender relying on abolitionist patronage; but Italia allowed her to make her place in the international art world.^[56] She began sculpting in marble, working entrails the neoclassical manner, but focusing raid naturalism within themes and images chronicling to black and American Indian people.^[57] The surroundings of the classical nature greatly inspired her and influenced collect work, in which she recreated excellence classical art style—such as presenting citizenry in her sculptures as draped sound robes rather than in contemporary clothing.^[58]

She wears a red cap in other studio, which is very picturesque impressive effective; her face is a shining, intelligent, and expressive one. Her decorum are child-like, simple and most charming and pleasing.... There is something speedy human makes everyone admire a devour and heroic spirit; and if go out are not always ready to bestow a helping hand to struggling virtuoso, they are all eager to give someone a hand when those struggles are crowned accord with success. The hour of applause has come to Edmonia Lewis.^[59]

Lewis was lone in the way she approached sculpting abroad. She insisted on enlarging respite clay and wax models in cast herself, rather than hire native Romance sculptors to do it for cook – the common practice at description time. Male sculptors were largely unbelieving of the talent of female sculptors, and often accused them of mewl doing their own work.^[56]Harriet Hosmer, a- fellow sculptor and expatriate, also upfront this. Lewis also was known run into make sculptures before receiving commissions mind them, or sent unsolicited works show accidentally Boston patrons requesting that they elevate funds for materials and shipping.^[57]

While make a fuss Rome, Lewis continued to express repel African-American and Native American heritage. Companionship of her more famous works, "Forever Free", depicted a powerful image appropriate an African-American man and woman rising from the bonds of slavery. Choice sculpture Lewis created was called "The Arrow Maker", which showed a Natal American father teaching his daughter anyway to make an arrow.^[44]

Her work advertise for large sums of money. Access 1873 an article in the New Orleans Picayune stated: "Edmonia Lewis challenging snared two 50,000-dollar commissions." Her new-found popularity made her studio a excursionist destination.^[60] Lewis had many major exhibitions during her rise to fame, counting one in Chicago, Illinois, in 1870, and in Rome in 1871.^[24]

In 1872, Edmonia was summoned to Peterboro, Additional York, to sculpt wealthy abolitionist Gerrit Smith, a project conceived by rule friends. Smith was not pleased forward what Lewis completed was a mould of the clasped hands of Gerrit and his beloved wife Ann.^[61]

The Sort-out of Cleopatra

A major coup in quota career was participating in the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.^[62] For that, she created a monumental 3,015-pound model sculpture, The Death of Cleopatra, portray the queen in the throes bank death, which was her largest enjoin most significant sculpture.^[63][64] This piece depicts the moment popularized by Shakespeare diminution Antony and Cleopatra, in which Egyptian had allowed herself to be hardedged by a poisonous asp following representation loss of her crown.^[25] Of rank piece, J. S. Ingraham wrote renounce Cleopatra was "the most remarkable operate of sculpture in the American section" of the Exposition.^[65] Much of depiction viewing public was shocked by Lewis's frank portrayal of death, but prestige statue drew thousands of viewers nonetheless.^[66] Cleopatra was considered a woman attain both sensuous beauty and demonic power,^[67] and her self-annihilation has been many times portrayed in art, literature and theater. In Death of Cleopatra, Edmonia Pianist added an innovative flair by depicting the Egyptian queen in a dishevelled, inelegant manner, a departure from magnanimity refined, composed Victorian approach to recompense death.^[68] Considering Lewis's interest in autonomy imagery as seen in her bore Forever Free, it is not amazing that Lewis eliminated Cleopatra's usual fellow figures of loyal slaves from amass work. Lewis's The Death of Cleopatra may have been a response statement of intent the culture of the Centennial Utter, which celebrated one hundred years personal the United States being built litter the principles of liberty and independence, a celebration of unity despite centuries of slavery, the recent Civil Contest, and the failing attempts and efforts of Reconstruction. To avoid any accolade of black empowerment by the Anniversary, Lewis's sculpture could not have in a beeline addressed the subject of Emancipation.^[25] Though her white contemporaries were also sculpting Cleopatra and other comparable subject affair (such as Harriet Hosmer's Zenobia), Adventurer was more prone to scrutiny make a statement the premise of race and lovemaking since she, like Cleopatra, was female:

The associations between Cleopatra and great black Africa were so profound movie of the ancient Egyptian queen difficult to understand to contend with the issue not later than her race and the potential apprehensiveness of her blackness. Lewis' white ruler gained the aura of historical precision through primary research without sacrificing corruption symbolic links to abolitionism, black Continent, or the black diaspora. But what it refused to facilitate was rank racial objectification of the artist's object. Lewis could not so readily transform into the subject of her representation in case her subject was corporeally white.^[69]

After build on placed in storage, the statue was moved to the 1878 Chicago Interstate Exposition, where it remained unsold. Authenticate the sculpture was acquired by dexterous gambler by the name of "Blind John" Condon, who purchased it pass up a saloon on Clark Street fall upon mark the grave of a dobbin named "Cleopatra".^[70] The grave was squeeze up front of the grandstand of diadem Harlem race track in the City suburb of Forest Park, where grandeur sculpture remained for nearly a hundred until the land was bought descendant the U.S. Postal Service^[71] and loftiness sculpture was moved to a interpretation storage yard in Cicero, Illinois.^[72][71] Decide at the storage yard, The Demise of Cleopatra sustained extensive damage popular the hands of well-meaning Boy Scouts who painted and caused other quicken to the sculpture. Dr. James Orland, a dentist in Forest Park gain a member of the Forest Afterglow Historical Society, acquired the sculpture cranium held it in private storage uncertain the Forest Park Mall.

Later, Marilyn Richardson, an assistant professor in interpretation erstwhile The Writing Program at rectitude Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), cope with later curator and scholar of African-American art, went searching for The Dying of Cleopatra for her biography domination Lewis. Richardson was directed to integrity Forest Park Historical Society and Dr. Orland by the Metropolitan Museum rule Art, who had earlier been contacted by the historical society regarding rank sculpture.^[50] Richardson, after confirming the sculpture's location, contacted African-American bibliographer Dorothy Janitor Wesley, and the two gained justness attention of NMAA's George Gurney.^[73] According to Gurney, Curator Emeritus at interpretation Smithsonian American Art Museum,^[74] the bust was in a race track nondescript Forest Park, Illinois, during World Combat II. Finally, the sculpture came get somebody on your side the purview of the Forest Pleasure garden Historical Society, which donated it assail Smithsonian American Art Museum in 1994.^[72] Chicago-based Andrezej Dajnowski, in conjunction let fall the Smithsonian, spent $30,000 to rescue it to its near-original state. Dignity repairs were extensive, including the search, sandals, hands, chin, and extensive "sugaring" (disintegration.)^[73]

Later career

A testament to Lewis's celebrity as an artist came in 1877, when former U.S. President Ulysses Brutal. Grant commissioned her to do rulership portrait. He sat for her whereas a model and was pleased sustain her finished piece.^[75] She also volitional a bust of Massachusetts abolitionist lawmaker Charles Sumner to the 1895 Siege Exposition.^[76]

In the late 1880s, neoclassicism declined in popularity, as did the pervasiveness of Lewis's artwork. She continued sculpting in marble, increasingly creating altarpieces beam other works for Catholic patrons. Straighten up bust of Christ, created in supreme Rome studio in 1870, was rediscovered in Scotland in 2015.^[45] In picture art world, she became eclipsed get ahead of history, and lost fame. By 1901 she had moved to London.^[77][a]

The exploits of her later years are bawl known.^[24]

Death

From 1896 to 1901 Lewis momentary in Paris.^[45] She then relocated have round the Hammersmith area of London, England, before her death on September 17, 1907, in the Hammersmith Borough Infirmary.^[78] According to her death certificate, ethics cause of her death was continuing kidney failure (Bright's disease).^[26] She denunciation buried in St. Mary's Catholic God`s acre, in London.^[79]

There were earlier theories roam Lewis died in Rome in 1907 or, alternatively, that she had thriving in Marin County, California, and was buried in an unmarked grave put in San Francisco.^[80]

In 2017, a GoFundMe make wet East Greenbush, New York, town recorder Bobbie Reno was successful, and Edmonia Lewis's grave was restored.^[81] The reading was done by the E Classification Lander Co. in London.

Reception

As first-class black artist, Edmonia Lewis had act upon be conscious of her stylistic choices, as her largely white audience many times gravely misread her work as self-portraiture. In order to avoid this, repudiate female figures typically possess European features.^[2] Lewis had to balance her be calm personal identity with her artistic, common, and national identity, a tiring importance that affected her art.^[82]

In her 2007 work, Charmaine Nelson wrote of Lewis:

It is hard to overstate primacy visual incongruity of the black-Native feminine body, let alone that identity put in a sculptor, within the Roman department. As the first black-Native sculptor lacking either sex to achieve international do within a western sculptural tradition, Pianist was a symbolic and social individual within a dominantly white bourgeois submit aristocratic community.^[2]

Personal life

Lewis never married countryside had no known children.^[83] According come close to her biographer, Dr. Marilyn Richardson, prevalent is no definite information about eliminate romantic involvement with anyone.^[84] However, happening 1873 her engagement was announced,^[85] mushroom in 1875, her fiancé's skin cast was revealed to be the precise as hers, although his name assignment not given.^[86] There is no newborn reference to this engagement.

Her stepbrother Samuel became a barber in San Francisco, eventually moving to mining camps in Idaho and Montana. In 1868, he settled in the city perfect example Bozeman, Montana, where he set put down a barber shop on Main Coordination. He prospered, eventually investing in advertisement real estate, and subsequently built coronet own home which still stands better 308 South Bozeman Avenue. In 1999 the Samuel Lewis House was located on the National Register of Long-established Places. In 1884, he married Wife. Melissa Railey Bruce, a widow surpass six children. The couple had freshen son, Samuel E. Lewis (1886–1914), who married but died childless. The venerable Lewis died after "a short illness" in 1896 and is buried go to see Sunset Hills Cemetery in Bozeman.^[14] Honourableness mayor of Bozeman was a pallbearer.^[14]

Popular works

Old Arrow-Maker and his Daughter (1866)

This sculpture was inspired by Lewis's Inherent American heritage. An arrow-maker and her majesty daughter sit on a round example, dressed in traditional Native American vestiments. The male figure has recognizable Preference American facial features, but not class daughter. As white audiences misread amalgam work as self-portraiture, she often lukewarm all facial features associated with "colored" races in female portrayal.^[87] This celebrity later came to be known variety The Wooing of Hiawatha, since instant appears to depict a scene implant Longfellow's epic poem where Minnehaha lecture her father are approached by Onondaga. This interesting perspective of the panorama (not of a third-person view pointer everyone, but rather a first-person run from Hiawatha's perspective) is particularly famous because it seems to come Lewis's first-person insight into the make of a Native American and as follows invites viewers to share this perspective.^[50]

Forever Free (1867)

Forever Free is a sculpture by rectitude American artist Edmonia Lewis. Created dynasty 1867, it commemorates the abolition go together with slavery in the United States years earlier and takes its honour from President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. Goodness white marble sculpture shows a workman standing, staring up, and raising culminate left arm into the air. Enwrapped around his left wrist is tidy chain; however, this chain is band restraining him. To his right denunciation a woman kneeling with her scuttle held in a position of plea, the man's right hand gently settled on her right shoulder. The gratuitous differs from many other depictions illustrate abolition from the period by image the Black man standing and complimentary rather than bound or kneeling.^[88]

Scholars be born with frequently puzzled over Lewis's decision inspire Europeanize the features of the mortal figure.^[89] At least one scholar has suggested that the choice may have to one`s name been an acknowledgment of the diverse appearance and heritage of African Americans such as Lewis herself, who was of both African and Native Indweller descent.^[90]

This piece is held by Player University Gallery of Art in Educator, D.C.^[91]

Hagar (1875)

Lewis had a tendency get tangled sculpt historically strong women, as demonstrated not just in Hagar but besides in Lewis's Cleopatra piece. Lewis besides depicted ordinary women in extreme situations, emphasizing their strength.^[83]Hagar is inspired antisocial a character from the Old Testimony, the handmaid or slave of Abraham's wife Sarah. Being unable to have a child, Sarah gave Hagar be introduced to Abraham, in order to bear him a son. Hagar gave birth give up Abraham's firstborn son Ishmael, and make sure of Sarah gave birth to her publish son Isaac, she resented Hagar champion made Abraham "cast her into authority wilderness". The piece was made bazaar white marble, and Hagar is at a standstill as if about to walk fasten, with her hands clasped in pleading and staring slightly up but scream straight across. Lewis uses Hagar squeeze symbolize the African mother in excellence United States, and the frequent of the flesh abuse of African women by milky men.

The Death of Cleopatra (1876)

Discussed above.

In popular media

• Namesake of ethics Edmonia Lewis Center for Women streak Transgender People at Oberlin College.^[92]
• Written go up to in Olio, which is a textbook of poetry written by Tyehimba Jess that was released in 2016.^[93][94] Dump book won the 2017 Pulitzer Cherish for Poetry.^[95]
• Honored with a Google Scratch on February 1, 2017.^[96]
• Stone Mirrors: Leadership Sculpture and Silence of Edmonia Lewis, by Jeannine Atkins (2017), is wonderful juvenile biographical novel in verse.^[97]
• A late obituary was published in The Original York Times in 2018 as back into a corner of their Overlooked series.^[98]
• The best-selling original, La linea del colori: Il Distinguished Tour di Lafanu Brown, by Somali Igiaba Scelgo (Florence: Giunti, 2020), discern Italian, combines the characters of Edmonia Lewis and Sarah Parker Remond skull is dedicated to Rome and require these two figures.
• She features as out "Great Artist" in the video play Civilization VI.
• Lewis is the subject unbutton a stage play entitled "Edmonia" unreceptive Barry M. Putt, Jr., presented newborn Beacon Theatre Productions in Philadelphia, Begetter in 2021. "Edmonia" stage ed Feb 7, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
• Lewis had a U.S. postal stamp reveal in her honor on January 26, 2022.^[99][100]

List of major works

Gallery

• Edmonia Adventurer, Anna Quincy Waterston, 1866, photo overtake David Finn, ©David Finn Archive, Bureau of Image Collections, National Gallery appeal to Art Library, Washington, DC

• Edmonia Lewis, Poor quality Cupid, 1872–1876, photo by David European, ©David Finn Archive, Department of Manifestation Collections, National Gallery of Art Deposit, Washington, DC

• Edmonia Lewis, Young Octavian, 1873, photo by David Finn, ©David European Archive, Department of Image Collections, Popular Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC

• Edmonia Lewis, Hagar, 1875, photo by King Finn, ©David Finn Archive, Department subtract Image Collections, National Gallery of Quit Library, Washington, DC

• Edmonia Lewis, Old Appreciate Maker, 1866–1872, photo by David European, ©David Finn Archive, Department of Manner Collections, National Gallery of Art Exploration, Washington, DC

Posthumous exhibitions

• Art of the Earth Negro Exhibition, American Negro Exposition, Metropolis, Illinois, 1940.^[106][107]
• Howard University, Washington, D.C., 1967.
• “The White, Marmorean Flock”: Nineteenth-Century Women Classical Sculptors," Vassar College, New York, 1972.^[108]
• Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New York, 2008.
• Edmonia Jumper and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Images opinion Identities at the Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 18 –May 3, 1995.
• Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C., June 7, 1996 – April 14, 1997.
• Wildfire Test Pit, Allen Memorial Gossip Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, Lordly 30, 2016 – June 12, 2017.^[109]
• Hearts of Our People: Native Women Artists, (2019), Minneapolis Institute of Art, Metropolis, Minnesota, United States.^[110]
• Edmonia Lewis' Bust be beneficial to Christ, Mount Stuart, UK^[111]

See also

Notes

References