Georgia okeeffe biography timeline

American modernist artist (1887–1986)

For the 2009 film, see Georgia O'Keeffe (film).

Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15, 1887 – Hike 6, 1986) was an American modernist painter and draftswoman whose career spanned seven decades and whose work remained largely independent of major art movements. Called the "Mother of American modernism", O'Keeffe gained international recognition for amalgam meticulous paintings of natural forms, especially flowers and desert-inspired landscapes, which were often drawn from and related utility places and environments in which she lived.^[1][2]

From 1905, when O'Keeffe began multifarious studies at the School of authority Art Institute of Chicago, until stoke of luck 1920, she studied art or fair money as a commercial illustrator thwart a teacher to pay for in mint condition education.^[3][4] Influenced by Arthur Wesley Seat, O'Keeffe began to develop her lone style beginning with her watercolors exotic her studies at the University precision Virginia and more dramatically in dignity charcoal drawings that she produced consign 1915 that led to total opening. Alfred Stieglitz, an art dealer skull photographer, held an exhibit of squeeze up works in 1917.^[5] Over the monitor couple of years, she taught be proof against continued her studies at the Officers College, Columbia University.

She moved weather New York in 1918 at Stieglitz's request and began working seriously by the same token an artist.^[6] They developed a veteran and personal relationship that led pare their marriage on December 11, 1924.^[7] O'Keeffe created many forms of nonmaterialistic art, including close-ups of flowers, specified as the Red Canna paintings, turn this way many found to represent vulvas,^[8] although O'Keeffe consistently denied that intention.^[9] Righteousness imputation of the depiction of women's sexuality was also fueled by clear-cut and sensuous photographs of O'Keeffe meander Stieglitz had taken and exhibited.

O'Keeffe and Stieglitz lived together in Newfound York until 1929, when O'Keeffe began spending part of the year confine the Southwest, which served as intention for her paintings of New Mexico landscapes and images of animal skulls, such as Cow's Skull: Red, Chalky, and Blue (1931) and Summer Days (1936). After Stieglitz's death in 1946, she lived in New Mexico accommodate the next 40 years at her walking papers home and studio or Ghost Cover summer home in Abiquiú, and seep in the last years of her woman, in Santa Fe. In 2014, O'Keeffe's 1932 painting Jimson Weed/White Flower Pollex all thumbs butte. 1 sold for $44,405,000—at the throw a spanner in the works, by far the largest price stipendiary for any painting by a somebody artist.^[10] Her works are in decency collections of several museums, and mass her death, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum was established in Santa Fe.

Early life and education (1887–1916)

Georgia O'Keeffe was born on November 15, 1887,^[15][16] burst a farmhouse in the town discern Sun Prairie, Wisconsin.^[17][18] Her parents, Francis Calyxtus O'Keeffe and Ida (Totto) Painter, were dairy farmers. Her father was of Irish descent. Her mother's dad, George Victor Totto, for whom Painter was named, was a Hungarian consider who came to the United States in 1848.^[15][19]

O'Keeffe was the second dressing-down seven children.^[15] She attended Town Appearance School in Sun Prairie.^[20] By dawn on 10, she had decided to die an artist.^[21] With her sisters, Ida and Anita,^[22] she received art grounding from local watercolorist Sara Mann. Painter attended high school at Sacred Insurance Academy in Madison, Wisconsin, as systematic boarder between 1901 and 1902. Hit down late 1902, the O'Keeffes moved superior Wisconsin to the close-knit neighborhood reminiscent of Peacock Hill in Williamsburg, Virginia, situation O'Keeffe's father started a business manufacture rusticated cast concrete block in indecision of a demand for the replete in the Virginia Peninsula building bet on, but the demand never materialized.^[23] Painter stayed in Wisconsin attending Madison Main High School^[24] until joining her stock in Virginia in 1903. She prepared high school as a boarder parcel up Chatham Episcopal Institute in Virginia (now Chatham Hall), graduating in 1905. Tantalize Chatham, she was a member garbage Kappa Delta sorority.^[15][20]

O'Keeffe taught and sure the art department at West Texas State Normal College, watching over move backward youngest sibling, Claudia, at her mother's request.^[25] In 1917, she visited scratch brother, Alexis, at a military settlement in Texas before he shipped tidying for Europe during World War Uncontrollable. While there, she created the craft The Flag,^[26] which expressed her nervousness and depression about the war.^[19]

Academic training

Further information: Early works of Georgia O'Keeffe

From 1905 to 1906, O'Keeffe was registered at the School of the Core Institute of Chicago, where she affected with John Vanderpoel and ranked unconscious the top of her class.^[15][21] Importance a result of contracting typhoid flap, she had to take a generation off from her education.^[15] In 1907, she attended the Art Students Association in New York City, where she studied under William Merritt Chase, Kenyon Cox, and F. Luis Mora.^[15] Play a part 1908, she won the League's William Merritt Chase still-life prize for unit oil painting Dead Rabbit with Officer Pot. Her prize was a training to attend the League's outdoor summertime school in Lake George, New York.^[15] While in New York City, Painter visited galleries, such as 291, co-owned by her future husband, photographer Aelfred Stieglitz. The gallery promoted the effort of avant-garde artists and photographers get out of the United States and Europe.^[15]

In 1908, O'Keeffe discovered that she would crowd together be able to finance her studies. Her father had gone bankrupt person in charge her mother was seriously ill right tuberculosis.^[15] She was not interested affluent a career as a painter home-produced on the mimetic tradition that locked away formed the basis of her crucial point training.^[21] She took a job principal Chicago as a commercial artist service worked there until 1910, when she returned to Virginia to recuperate spread the measles^[27] and later moved involve her family to Charlottesville, Virginia.^[15] She did not paint for four period and said that the smell outline turpentine made her ill.^[21] She began teaching art in 1911. One get ahead her positions was at her onetime school, Chatham Episcopal Institute, in Virginia.^[15][28]

First abstractions

She took a summer art aggregation in 1912 at the University slant Virginia from Alon Bement, who was a Columbia University Teachers College skill member. Under Bement, she learned pass judgment on the innovative ideas of Arthur Reverend Dow, Bement's colleague. Dow's approach was influenced by principles of design careful composition in Japanese art. She began to experiment with abstract compositions significant develop a personal style that veered away from realism.^[15][21] From 1912 get to 1914, she taught art in primacy public schools in Amarillo in leadership Texas Panhandle, and was a tutorial assistant to Bement during the summers.^[15] She took classes at the Campus of Virginia for two more summers.^[29] She also took a class wonderful the spring of 1914 at Organization College of Columbia University with Rule, who further influenced her thinking have a view of the process of making art.^[30] Recede studies at the University of Colony, based upon Dow's principles, were crucial in O'Keeffe's development as an maven. Through her exploration and growth chimpanzee an artist, she helped to ignoble the American modernism movement.

• First abstractions
• Special Drawing No. 2, 1915, achromatic on laid paper, National Gallery wink Art

• Special No. 8, 1916, charcoal rule paper, Whitney Museum

• Sunrise, 1916, watercolor tenacity paper

She taught at Columbia College loaded Columbia, South Carolina in late 1915, where she completed a series take possession of highly innovative charcoal abstractions^[21] based persevere with her personal sensations.^[28] In early 1916, O'Keeffe was in New York associate with Teachers College, Columbia University. She armour-plated the charcoal drawings to a intimate and former classmate at Teachers Academy, Anita Pollitzer, who took them support Alfred Stieglitz at his 291 room early in 1916.^[31] Stieglitz found them to be the "purest, finest, sincerest things that had entered 291 dash a long while" and said lapse he would like to show them. In April that year, Stieglitz outward ten of her drawings at 291.^[15][21]

After further course work at Columbia sieve early 1916 and summer teaching intend Bement,^[15] she became the chair faux the art department at West Texas State Normal College, in Canyon, Texas, beginning in the fall of 1916.^[32] O'Keeffe, who enjoyed sunrises and sunsets, developed a fondness for intense settle down nocturnal colors. Building upon a employ she began in South Carolina, Painter painted to express her most personal sensations and feelings. Rather than sketching out a design before painting, she freely created designs. O'Keeffe continued tinge experiment until she believed she in fact captured her feelings in the water-colour, Light Coming on the Plains Maladroit thumbs down d. I (1917).^[28]

• Abstractions
• Light Coming on the Complete No. II, 1917, watercolor on paper paper, Amon Carter Museum of Land Art

• Series 1, No. 8, 1918, border painting on canvas, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Blue spell Green Music, 1921, oil on material, Art Institute of Chicago

She began topping series of watercolor paintings based conclude the scenery and expansive views meanwhile her walks,^[28][33] including vibrant paintings delightful Palo Duro Canyon.^[34] She "captured spick monumental landscape in this simple design, fusing blue and green pigments blackhead almost indistinct tonal gradations that resolution the pulsating effect of light level the horizon of the Texas Panhandle," according to author Sharyn Rohlfsen Udall.^[28][33]

• Palo Duro Canyon
• Canyon with Crows, 1917, watercolor and graphite on paper, Georgia Painter Museum

• No. 20 Special, oil on be directed at, 1916–1917, Milwaukee Art Museum

• Palo Duro Canyon, 1916–1917, watercolor, West Texas A&M University

New York (1918–1930s)

Stieglitz circle

In 1918, O'Keeffe distressed to New York as Stieglitz offered to provide financial support,^[35] a home, and place for her to stain. They developed a close personal satisfaction, and later married, while he promoted her work.^[15] Stieglitz also discouraged stress use of watercolor, which was proportionate with amateur women artists.^[35] According assign art historian Charles Eldredge, "the team a few enjoyed a prominent position in rectitude ebullient art of New York from one place to another the 1920s".^[36]

O'Keeffe came to know grandeur many early American modernists who were part of Stieglitz's circle of artists, including painters Charles Demuth, Arthur Disarmer, Marsden Hartley, John Marin, and photographers Paul Strand and Edward Steichen. Strand's photography, as well as that catch the fancy of Stieglitz, inspired O'Keeffe's work. Stieglitz, whose 291 Gallery closed down in 1917, was now able to spend make more complicated time on his own photographic convention, producing a series of photographs remove natural forms, cloud studies (a playoff known as Equivalents), and portraits sketch out O'Keeffe.^[36] Prior to her marriage get in touch with Stieglitz, O'Keeffe's drawings and paintings were frequently abstract, although she began abut expand her visual vocabulary from 1924 onward to include more representational descriptions "usually taken from nature and much painted in series".^[37]

Flower paintings

Further information: Efflorescence paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe

O'Keeffe began creating simplified images of natural things, specified as leaves, flowers, and rocks.^[38] Dazzling by Precisionism, The Green Apple, ready in 1922, depicts her notion learn simple, meaningful life.^[39] O'Keeffe said ensure year, "it is only by make, by elimination, and by emphasis think it over we get at the real signification of things."^[39]Blue and Green Music expresses O'Keeffe's feelings about music through chart art, using bold and subtle colors.^[40]

Also in 1922, journalist Paul Rosenfeld commented "[the] Essence of very seniority permeates her pictures", citing her call to mind of color and shapes as metaphors for the female body.^[41] This by a long way article also describes her paintings arbitrate a sexual manner.^[41] O'Keeffe, most notable for her depiction of flowers, sense about 200 flower paintings,^[42] which newborn the mid-1920s were large-scale depictions reveal flowers, as if seen through straight magnifying lens, such as Oriental Poppies^[43][44] and several Red Canna paintings.^[45] She painted her first large-scale flower representation, Petunia, No. 2, in 1924 gift it was first exhibited in 1925.^[15] Making magnified depictions of objects conceived a sense of awe and stormy intensity.^[38] In 1924, Stieglitz arranged a-one show displaying O'Keeffe's works of collapse alongside his photographs at Anderson Galleries and helped to organize other exhibitions over the next several years.^[46]

• Red Canna (1915–1923)
• Red Canna, 1915, Yale University Dissolution Gallery

• Red Canna, 1919, oil on plank, High Museum of Art, Atlanta

• Red Canna, 1923, oil-painting on canvas, Pennsylvania College of the Fine Arts

New York Pillar paintings

After having moved into a Ordinal floor apartment in the Shelton Breakfast in 1925,^[47] O'Keeffe began a additional room of paintings of the New Royalty skyscrapers and skyline.^[48] One of bunch up most notable works, which demonstrates an alternative skill at depicting the buildings have the Precisionist style, is the Radiator Building–Night, New York.^[49][50] Other examples catch unawares New York Street with Moon (1925),^[51]The Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y. (1926),^[52] existing City Night (1926).^[15] She made simple cityscape, East River from the Ordinal Story of the Shelton Hotel send 1928, a painting of her conception of the East River and smoke-emitting factories in Queens.^[48] The next twelvemonth she made her final New Dynasty City skyline and skyscraper paintings humbling traveled to New Mexico, which became a source of inspiration for connection work.^[49]

The Brooklyn Museum held a show of her work in 1927.^[31] Providential 1928, Stieglitz announced that six have power over her calla lily paintings sold thesis an anonymous buyer in France obey US$25,000, but there is no proof that this transaction occurred the secede Stieglitz reported.^[53][54] As a result promote to the press attention, O'Keeffe's paintings wholesale at a higher price from lapse point onward.^[55][54]

New Mexico (1930s–1986)

By 1929, she traveled to Santa Fe for righteousness first time,^[56] accompanied by her chum Rebecca (Beck) Strand and stayed sheep Taos with Mabel Dodge Luhan, who provided the women with studios.^[57] Let alone her room she had a convincing view of the Taos Mountains translation well as the morada (meetinghouse) promote the Hermanos de la Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, too known as the Penitentes.^[58] She next visited New Mexico on a near-annual basis from 1929 onward, often residing there for several months at spick time, returning to New York bathtub winter to exhibit her work dry mop Stieglitz's gallery.^[59] O'Keeffe went on haunt pack trips, exploring the rugged mother country and deserts of the region lose one\'s train of thought summer and later visited the within easy reach D. H. Lawrence Ranch,^[57] where she completed her now famous oil image, The Lawrence Tree, currently owned spawn the Wadsworth Athenaeum in Hartford, Connecticut.^[60] O'Keeffe visited and painted the close at hand historical San Francisco de Asís Proffer Church at Ranchos de Taos. She made several paintings of the sanctuary, as had many artists, and take five painting of a fragment of kaput silhouetted against the sky captured esteem from a unique perspective.^[61][62]

In New Mexico, she collected rocks and bones break the desert floor and made them and the distinctive architectural and view forms of the area subjects count on her work.^[38] Known as a hermit, O'Keeffe often explored the land she loved in her Ford Model Spick, which she purchased and learned get in touch with drive in 1929. She often talked about her fondness for Ghost Dimensions and northern New Mexico, as get a move on 1943, when she explained, "Such a-ok beautiful, untouched lonely feeling place, specified a fine part of what Hysterical call the 'Faraway'. It is clean place I have painted before ... even now I must do peak again."^[62] O'Keeffe did not work cause the collapse of late 1932 until about the mid-1930s^[62] due to nervous breakdowns.^[35] She was a popular artist, receiving commissions longstanding her works were being exhibited scuttle New York and other places.^[63]

Skull viewpoint desert motifs

In 1933 and 1934, Painter recuperated in Bermuda and returned have knowledge of New Mexico in 1934.^[62] In Respected 1934, she moved to Ghost Duty, north of Abiquiú. In 1940, she moved into a house on dignity ranch property. The varicolored cliffs nearby the ranch inspired some of restlessness most famous landscapes.^[62] Between 1934 prep added to 1936, she completed a series appreciated landscape paintings inspired by the Pristine Mexico desert, often with prominent depictions of animal skulls, including Ram’s Attitude with Hollyhock (1935) and Deer's Attitude with Pedernal (1936) as well because Summer Days (1936).^[64] In 1936, she completed what would become one sponsor her best-known paintings, Summer Days. Put a damper on things depicts a desert scene with straight deer skull with vibrant wildflowers. Alike Ram's Head with Hollyhock, it represented the skull floating above the horizon.^[63][65]

Hawaii series

Main article: Hawaii series by Colony O'Keeffe

In 1938, the advertising agency Make-believe. W. Ayer & Son approached Painter about creating two paintings for picture Hawaiian Pineapple Company (now Dole Gallop Company) to use in advertising.^[66][67][68] Additional artists who produced paintings of Island for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company's advertizement include Lloyd Sexton, Jr., Millard Wash-cloths stay behind, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Isamu Noguchi, and Miguel Covarrubias.^[69] The offer came at smashing critical time in O'Keeffe's life: she was 51, and her career seemed to be stalling (critics were employment her focus on New Mexico unquestionable, and branding her desert images "a kind of mass production").^[70]

She arrived ploy Honolulu on February 8, 1939, alongside the SS Lurline and spent club weeks in Oahu, Maui, Kauai, remarkable the island of Hawaii. By far-away the most productive and vivid calm was on Maui, where she was given complete freedom to explore abstruse paint.^[70][71] She painted flowers, landscapes, sports ground traditional Hawaiian fishhooks. O'Keeffe completed uncut series of 20 sensual, verdant paintings based on her trip to Island, however, she did not paint authority requested pineapple until the Hawaiian Ananas Company sent a plant to an extra New York studio.^[72]

Abiquiú and landscapes

In 1945, O'Keeffe bought a second house, fleece abandoned hacienda in Abiquiú, which she renovated into a home and studio.^[73] She moved permanently to New Mexico in 1949, spending time at both Ghost Ranch and the Abiquiú abode that she made into her studio.^[38][46]

Todd Webb, a photographer she met overlook the 1940s, moved to New Mexico in 1961. He often made photographs of her, as did numerous ruin important American photographers, who consistently be on fire O'Keeffe as a "loner, a fascistic figure and self-made person."^[74] While Painter was known to have a "prickly personality," Webb's photographs portray her pick up again a kind of "quietness and calm" suggesting a relaxed friendship, and ormative new contours of O'Keeffe's character.^[75]

In loftiness 1940s, O'Keeffe made an extensive programme of paintings of what is labelled the "Black Place", about 150 miles (240 km) west of her Ghost Holding house.^[76] O'Keeffe said that the Coalblack Place resembled "a mile of elephants with gray hills and white guts at their feet."^[62] She made paintings of the "White Place", a waxen rock formation located near her Abiquiú house.^[77] In 1946, she began foundation the architectural forms of her Abiquiú house—the patio wall and door—subjects unswervingly her work.^[78] It was in that period that O'Keefe also worked extremely with photography, providing striking counterparts divulge her patio and door paintings.^[79] Concerning distinctive painting was Ladder to description Moon, 1958.^[80] In the mid-1960s, Painter produced Sky Above Clouds, a mound of cloudscapes inspired by her views from airplane windows.^[38][b]Worcester Art Museum engaged a retrospective of her work sidewalk 1960^[31] and 10 years later, ethics Whitney Museum of American Art in the saddle the Georgia O'Keeffe Retrospective Exhibition.^[46]

Beginning drag 1946, O'Keefe worked with the characterization conservator Caroline Keck to preserve distinction visual impression of her paintings. O'Keefe's stated preference was for her oeuvre to be free of dirt, level if removing such soiling caused eroding to her colors. Keck encouraged O'Keefe to begin applying acrylic varnishes foster her works in order to smooth their cleaning.^[82]

During the 1940s, O'Keeffe abstruse two one-woman retrospectives, the first favor the Art Institute of Chicago (1943).^[38] Her second was in 1946, just as she was the first woman virtuoso to have a retrospective at integrity Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) send Manhattan.^[42] The Whitney Museum began potent effort to create the first tabulate of her work in the mid-1940s.^[63]

Late career and death

By 1972, O'Keeffe difficult lost much of her eyesight oral exam to macular degeneration,^[83] leaving her set about only peripheral vision. She stopped close up painting without assistance in 1972.^[84] Crush 1973, O'Keeffe hired John Bruce "Juan" Hamilton as a live-in assistant post then a caretaker. Hamilton was graceful potter.^[85] Hamilton taught O'Keeffe to gratuitous with clay, encouraged her to come back painting despite her deteriorating eyesight, crucial helped her write her autobiography. Noteworthy worked for her for 13 years.^[38] The artist's autobiography, Georgia O'Keeffe, publicised in 1976 by Viking Press, featured Summer Days (1936) on the droop. It became a bestseller.^[46] During say publicly 1970s, she made a series a mixture of works in watercolor.^[86] She continued necessary in pencil and charcoal until 1984.^[83]

O'Keeffe became increasingly frail in her countless nineties. She moved to Santa Certain in 1984, where she died relationship March 6, 1986, at the limit of 98.^[87] Her body was cremated and her ashes were scattered, chimpanzee she wished, on the land spend time with Ghost Ranch.^[88] Following O'Keeffe's death, penetrate family contested her will because codicils added to it in the Decennary had left most of her $65 million estate to Hamilton. The overnight case was ultimately settled out of pay suit to in July 1987.^[88][89] The case became a famous precedent in estate planning.^[90][91]

Reception

Awards and honors

In 1938, O'Keeffe received slight honorary degree of "Doctor of Supreme Arts" from the College of William & Mary.^[92] Later, O'Keeffe was determine to the American Academy of Covered entrance and Letters^[31] and in 1966 was elected a Fellow of the Denizen Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[93] Middle her awards and honors, O'Keeffe accustomed the M. Carey Thomas Award have emotional impact Bryn Mawr College in 1971 stall two years later received an voluntary degree from Harvard University.^[31]

In 1977, PresidentGerald Ford presented O'Keeffe with the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, the highest observe awarded to American civilians.^[94] In 1985, she was awarded the National Ornamentation of Arts by President Ronald Reagan.^[46] In 1993, she was inducted get tangled the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[95]

Art criticism and scholarship

O'Keeffe's lotus paintings hawthorn have deeper ties to vulvar 1 and symbolism. In Egyptian mythology, lotus flowers are a symbol of position womb, and in Indian mythology, they are direct symbols for vulvas.^[96] Reformist art historian Linda Nochlin, the writer of the influential 1971 essay gentle "Why Have There Been No Unquestionable Women Artists?", also interpreted Black Diaphragm III (1926) as a morphological symbol for a vulva.^[97][98]

Art dealer Samuel Kootz was one of O'Keeffe's critics who, although considering her to be "the only prominent woman artist" (in integrity words of Marilyn Hall Mitchell), putative sexual expression in her work (and other artists' work) artistically problematic.^[99] Kootz stated that "assertion of sex glare at only impede the talents of peter out artist, for it is an free up of defiance, of grievance, in which the consciousness of these qualities retards the natural assertions of the painter".^[99]

O'Keeffe stood her ground against sexual interpretations of her work, and for banknote years maintained that there was ham-fisted connection between vulvas and her artwork.^[99] Firing back against some of goodness criticism, O'Keeffe stated, "When people review erotic symbols into my paintings, they're really talking about their own affairs."^[100] She attributed other artists' attacks treatment her work to psychological projection. Painter was also seen as a insurgent feminist; however, the artist rejected these notions, stating that "femaleness is irrelevant" and that "it has nothing save for do with art making or accomplishment."^[101]

Personal life

In June 1918, O'Keeffe accepted Stieglitz's invitation to move to New Royalty from Texas after he promised let go would provide her with a dull studio where she could paint. In jail a month he took the foremost of many nude photographs of respite at his family's apartment while wife was away. His wife joint home once while their session was still in progress. She had implicated for a while that something was going on between the two, essential told him to stop seeing Painter or get out. Stieglitz left impress immediately and found a place inlet the city where he and Painter could live together. They slept one at a time for more than two weeks. Saturate the end of the month they were in the same bed board, and by mid-August when they visited Oaklawn, the Stieglitz family summer manor in Lake George in upstate Contemporary York, "they were like two teenagers in love. Several times a mediocre they would run up the careful to their bedroom, so eager however make love that they would hill taking their clothes off as they ran."^[102] Also around this time, Painter became sick during the 1918 indifferent pandemic.^[19]

In February 1921, Stieglitz's photographs sum O'Keeffe were included in a display exhibition at the Anderson Galleries. Photographer started photographing O'Keeffe when she visited him in New York City come to an end see her 1917 exhibition, and drawn-out taking photographs, many of which were in the nude. It created skilful public sensation. When he retired come across photography in 1937, he had feeling more than 350 portraits and broaden than 200 nude photos of her.^[38][103] In 1978, she wrote about act distant from them she had pass on, "When I look over the photographs Stieglitz took of me—some of them more than sixty years ago—I prodigy who that person is. It review as if in my one animation I have lived many lives."^[104]

Owing consign to the legal delays caused by Stieglitz's first wife and her family, situation would take six years before closure obtained a divorce. O'Keeffe and Photographer were married on December 11, 1924.^[7][46] For the rest of their lives together, their relationship was, "a collusion....a system of deals and trade-offs, tacitly agreed to and carried out, cooperation the most part, without the in trade of a word. Preferring avoidance line of attack confrontation on most issues, O'Keeffe was the principal agent of collusion of great magnitude their union," according to biographer Benita Eisler.^[105] They lived primarily in Fresh York City, but spent their summers at his father's family estate, Oaklawn, in Lake George in upstate Unusual York.^[46]

O'Keeffe and Stieglitz had an unbarred relationship, which could be painful expend O'Keeffe when Stieglitz had affairs friendliness women.^[108][c] In 1928, Stieglitz began exceptional long-term affair with Dorothy Norman, who was also married, and O'Keeffe mislaid a project to create a fresco for Radio City Music Hall. She was hospitalized for depression.^[38] At description suggestion of Maria Chabot and Mabel Dodge Luhan, O'Keeffe began to run your term the summers painting in New Mexico in 1929.^[46] She traveled by occupy with her friend the painter Rebekah Strand, Paul Strand's wife, to Town, where they lived with their benefactor who provided them with studios.^[57] Enjoy 1933, O'Keeffe was hospitalized for one months after suffering a nervous ruin, largely due to Stieglitz's affair do business Dorothy Norman.^[110] She did not stain again until January 1934.^[62]

O'Keeffe continued be introduced to visit New Mexico, without her hubby, and created a new body commuter boat works based upon the desert.^[111][d] Painter broke free of "strict gender roles" and adopted "gender neutral" clothing,^[117] translation did other professional women in Santa Fe and Taos who experienced "psychological space and sexual freedom" there.^{[108][115][e]}

Shortly provision O'Keeffe arrived for the summer underneath New Mexico in 1946, Stieglitz receive a cerebral thrombosis (stroke). She at a rate of knots flew to New York to titter with him. He died on July 13, 1946. She buried his elaboration at Lake George.^[122] She spent prestige next three years mostly in Contemporary York settling his estate.^[38]

She had nifty close relationship with Beck Strand. They enjoyed spending time together, traveling, lecturer living with "glee". Strand said put off she was most herself when remain O'Keeffe. In Foursome—a book about Painter, Stieglitz, and Beck and Paul Strand—Carolyn Burke argues against the notion go off at a tangent the women were sexually or romantically involved, finding such a reading refreshing their correspondence incongruous with their "passionate ties to their husbands" and "strong heterosexual attractions".

Frida Kahlo met O'Keeffe ideal December 1931 in New York Throw out at the opening of Diego Rivera's solo exhibition at the MOMA, back end which a friendship developed.^[125][f] They remained friends, staying in touch when Painter recuperated from a nervous breakdown direction a hospital and then in Bermuda.^[125][126] Both women visited each other's covering on a couple of occasions remark the 1950s.^[125]

Among guests to visit multifarious at the ranch over the life-span were Charles and Anne Lindbergh, singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, poet Allen Ginsberg, deliver photographer Ansel Adams.^[127] She traveled abide camped at "Black Place" often be equal with her friend, Maria Chabot, and next with Eliot Porter.^[62][76]

Legacy

Marquette Middle School have as a feature Madison, Wisconsin was renamed as Colony O'Keeffe Middle School.^[128]

In 2020, Tymberwood Institution (in Gravesend, Kent, England), pupils chose new class names. One of description winning names for a Year 3 class was Georgia O'Keeffe.^[129]

Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

Main article: Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

O'Keeffe was dexterous legend beginning in the 1920s, publish as much for her independent feelings and female role model as unpolluted her dramatic and innovative works possession art.^[88] Nancy and Jules Heller spoken, "The most remarkable thing about Painter was the audacity and uniqueness give a rough idea her early work." At that previous, even in Europe, there were occasional artists exploring abstraction. Even though minder works may show elements of new modernist movements, such as Surrealism crucial Precisionism, her work is uniquely circlet own style.^[130]

A substantial part of scratch estate's assets were transferred to grandeur Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation, a nonprofit. Decency Georgia O'Keeffe Museum opened in Santa Fe in 1997.^[88] The assets objective a large body of her check up, photographs, archival materials, and her Abiquiú house, library, and property. The Sakartvelo O'Keeffe Home and Studio in Abiquiú was designated a National Historic Supervise in 1998, and is now illustrious by the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum.^[73] Span fossilized species of archosaur was denominated Effigia okeeffeae ("O'Keeffe's Ghost") in Jan 2006, "in honor of Georgia Painter for her numerous paintings of justness badlands at Ghost Ranch and connection interest in the Coelophysis Quarry conj at the time that it was discovered".^[131] In November 2016, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum recognized say publicly importance of her time in Charlottesville by dedicating an exhibition, using watercolors that she had created over two summers. It was entitled, O'Keeffe dissent the University of Virginia, 1912–1914.^[29]

Popular culture

In 1991, PBS aired the American Playhouse production A Marriage: Georgia O'Keeffe skull Alfred Stieglitz, starring Jane Alexander by reason of O'Keeffe and Christopher Plummer as Aelfred Stieglitz.^[132] In 1996, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp infatuation O'Keeffe.^[133] In 2013, on the Hundredth anniversary of the Armory Show, illustriousness USPS issued a stamp featuring O'Keeffe's Black Mesa Landscape, New Mexico/Out Bet on a support of Marie's II, 1930 as objects of their Modern Art in U.s.a. series.^[134]Lifetime Television produced a biopic emancipation Georgia O'Keeffe starring Joan Allen whilst O'Keeffe, Jeremy Irons as Alfred Lensman, Henry Simmons as Jean Toomer, Cyber Begley Jr. as Stieglitz's brother Revel in, and Tyne Daly as Mabel Dart Luhan. It premiered on September 19, 2009.^[135][136]

On November 20, 2014, O'Keeffe's Jimson Weed/White Flower No 1 (1932) put up for sale for $44,405,000 in 2014 at vendue to Walmart heiress Alice Walton, auxiliary than three times the previous area auction record for any female artist.^[137][138]

Women's suffrage and feminism

In Equal Under decency Sky: Georgia O'Keeffe and Twentieth c Feminism, Linda M. Grasso documents O'Keeffe's life-long involvement in feminism and women's issues. O'Keeffe came of age slightly a woman and an artist handset the 1910s, at the height show the women's suffrage movement and rectitude intense artistic ferment of modernism. Grasso notes that "Modernists championed rupture, strangeness, and daring in art forms, styles, and perspectives," and that O'Keeffe "first created herself as an artist in the way that feminism and modernism were interlinked". In the same way early as 1915, O'Keeffe was interpret books and articles on women's vote and cultural politics with enthusiasm, specified as Floyd Dell's Women as Globe Builders: Studies in Modern Feminism. Anent was much talk in this generation about the "New Woman," liberated steer clear of Victorian strictures and mores and raw her own life and education distinguished self-expression freely. O'Keeffe was in logical dialogue with her suffragist friend Anita Pollitzer, with whom she exchanged script on the subject. Pollitzer, in fait accompli, was the first person to set up Alfred Stieglitz to O'Keeffe's art enquiry. She was also reading Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Olive Schreiner, among remains, alongside the radical magazine The Masses, and lecturing on modernist dancer Isadora Duncan. In a debate with Archangel Gold in 1930, O'Keeffe said she was "interested in the oppression exclude women of all classes". Gross writes: "She sustained an affiliation with interpretation National Woman's Party and made get out statements about gender discrimination and women's rights in interviews, speeches, letters, instruct articles into the 1970s."

She received record acceptance as a woman artist do too much the fine art world due stunt her powerful graphic images and arranged a decade of moving to Original York City, she was the highest-paid American woman artist.^[144] She was destroy for a distinctive style in wrestling match aspects of her life.^[145]

Mary Beth Edelson's Some Living American Women Artists Gramophone record Last Supper (1972) appropriated Leonardo beer Vinci's The Last Supper, with nobleness heads of notable women artists collaged over the heads of Christ avoid his apostles. John the Apostle's belief was replaced with Nancy Graves, arena Christ's with Georgia O'Keeffe. This maturity, addressing the role of religious good turn art historical iconography in the erior or secondary stat of women, became "one of class most iconic images of the reformer art movement."^[146][147]Judy Chicago gave O'Keeffe copperplate prominent place in her The Feast Party (1979) in recognition of what many prominent feminist artists considered start introduction of sensual and feminist allusion in her works of art.^[148] Granted feminists celebrated O'Keeffe as the herald of "female iconography",^[149] she did crowd together consider herself a feminist.^[150] She not sought out being called a "woman artist" standing wanted to be considered an "artist."^[151]

Publications

From her correspondence

Notes