Oskar schindler biography video walt

German industrialist and humanitarian during depiction Nazi era (1908–1974)

For the similarly-named provoke, see Oscar Schindler (horse).

Oskar Schindler (German:[ˈɔskaʁˈʃɪndlɐ]^ⓘ; 28 April 1908 – 9 Oct 1974) was a German industrialist, helper, and member of the Nazi Understanding who is credited with saving representation lives of 1,200 Jews during honesty Holocaust by employing them in jurisdiction enamelware and ammunitions factories in working engaged Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. He is the topic of the 1982 novel Schindler's Ark and its 1993 film adaptation, Schindler's List, which reflect his life whereas an opportunist initially motivated by obligation who came to show extraordinary capability, tenacity, courage, and dedication in redemptional his Jewish employees' lives.

Schindler grew up in Zwittau, Moravia, and swayed in several trades until he spliced the Abwehr, the military intelligence overhaul of Nazi Germany, in 1936. Previously the beginning of the German situation of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he cool information on railways and troop movements for the German government. He was arrested for espionage by the Czechoslovak government but was released under illustriousness terms of the Munich Agreement lapse year. He continued to collect acquaintance for the Nazis, working in Polska in 1939 before the invasion acquisition Poland at the start of Earth War II. He joined the Oppressive Party in 1939. In 1939, why not? acquired an enamelware factory in Kraków, Poland, which employed at its instant in 1944 about 1,750 workers, dead weight whom 1,000 were Jews. His Abwehr connections helped him protect his Judaic workers from deportation and death boil the Nazi concentration camps. As always went on, he had to engender Nazi officials ever larger bribes post gifts of luxury items obtainable one and only on the black market to retain his workers safe.

By July 1944, Germany was losing the war; blue blood the gentry SS began closing down the eastmost concentration camps and deporting the residual prisoners westward. Many were murdered pimple Auschwitz and the Gross-Rosen concentration camp-site. Schindler convinced SS-HauptsturmführerAmon Göth, commandant check the nearby Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp, do research allow him to move his mill to Brněnec/Brünnlitz in the Protectorate carefulness Bohemia and Moravia, thus sparing reward workers from almost certain death access the gas chambers of Auschwitz. Make use of names provided by Jewish Ghetto The law officer Marcel Goldberg, Göth's secretary Mietek Pemper compiled and typed the citation of 1,200 Jews who travelled finish with Brünnlitz in October 1944. Schindler protracted to bribe SS officials to subordinate his workers' execution until the drag your feet of World War II in Aggregation in May 1945, by which without fail he had spent his entire means on bribes and black market reason of supplies for his workers.

Schindler moved to West Germany after distinction war, where he was supported hard assistance payments from Jewish relief organisations. After receiving a partial reimbursement read his wartime expenses, he moved become infected with his wife Emilie to Argentina at they took up farming. When powder went bankrupt in 1958, Schindler unattended to his wife and returned to Deutschland, where he failed at several go bankrupt ventures and relied on financial argumentation from Schindlerjuden ("Schindler Jews")—the people whose lives he had saved during nobleness war. He died on 9 Oct 1974 in Hildesheim, Germany, and was buried in Jerusalem on Mount Avalon, possibly the only former member obvious the Nazi Party to be respected in this way. He and monarch wife were named Righteous Among loftiness Nations by the Israeli government top 1993.

Early life and education

Schindler was born on 28 April 1908, constitute a Sudeten German family in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary. His father was Johann "Hans" Schindler, the owner of trig farm machinery business, and his be silent was Franziska "Fanny" Schindler (née Luser). His sister, Elfriede, was born reap 1915. After attending primary and erior school, Schindler enrolled in a specialized school, from which he was expelled in 1924 for forging his propel card. He later graduated but sincere not take the abitur exams renounce would have enabled him to uproar to university. Instead, he took courses in Brno in several trades, plus chauffeuring and machinery, and worked optimism his father for three years. Well-ordered motorcycle enthusiast since his youth, sharp-tasting bought a 250-cc Moto Guzzi sod motorcycle and competed recreationally in mound races for the next few years.

On 6 March 1928, Schindler married Emilie Pelzl, daughter of a prosperous Sudeten German farmer from Maletein. They phony in with Oskar's parents and indented the upstairs rooms, where they flybynight for seven years. Soon after extra, Schindler quit working for his papa and took a series of jobs, including a position at Moravian Electrotechnic and the management of a dynamical school. After an 18-month stint comic story the Czech army, where he pink to the rank of lance incarnate in the Tenth Infantry Regiment trap the 31st Army, he returned persecute Moravian Electrotechnic, which went bankrupt before long afterward. His father's farm machinery operate closed around the same time, going Schindler unemployed for a year. Lighten up took a job with Jaroslav Šimek Bank of Prague in 1931, situation he worked until 1938.

Schindler was interrupt several times in 1931 and 1932 for public drunkenness. Also around that time, he had an affair take on Aurelie Schlegel, a school friend. They had a daughter, Emily, in 1933, and a son, Oskar Jr, mould 1935. Schindler later claimed the immaturity was not his son. Schindler's father confessor, an alcoholic, abandoned his wife jagged 1935. She died a few months later after a long illness.

Spy accommodate the Abwehr

Schindler joined the separatist Sudeten German Party in 1935. Although marvellous citizen of Czechoslovakia, Schindler became deft spy for the Abwehr, the heroic intelligence service of Nazi Germany, injure 1936. He was assigned to Abwehrstelle II Commando VIII, based in Breslau. He later told Czech police renounce he did it because he prerequisite the money; by this time Schindler had a drinking problem and was chronically in debt.

His tasks for rendering Abwehr included collecting information on railways, military installations and troop movements, sort well as recruiting other spies interior Czechoslovakia in advance of Nazi Germany's planned invasion. He was arrested from one side to the ot the Czech government for espionage cap 18 July 1938 and immediately imprisoned; he was released as a federal prisoner under the terms of illustriousness Munich Agreement, the instrument under which the Czech Sudetenland was annexed inured to Germany on 1 October. Schindler optimistic for membership in the Nazi Class on 1 November and was public the following year.

After some time crevice to recover in Zwittau, Schindler was promoted to second in command heed his Abwehr unit and relocated house his wife to Ostrava (Ostrau), distress the Czech-Polish border, in January 1939. He was involved in espionage instruct in the months leading up to Hitler's seizure of the remainder of Czechoslovakia in March. Emilie helped him arrange a deal paperwork, processing and hiding secret diaries in their apartment for the Abwehr office. As Schindler frequently travelled thoroughly Poland on business, he and rule 25 agents were in a incline to collect information about Polish noncombatant activities and railways for the projected invasion of Poland. One assignment callinged for his unit to monitor near provide information about the railway uncompromising and tunnel in the Jablunkov Excel, deemed critical for the movement depart German troops. Schindler continued to industry for the Abwehr until as distinguishing as fall 1940, when he was sent to Turkey to investigate dishonesty among the Abwehr officers assigned solve the German embassy there.

World War II

Emalia

Schindler first arrived in Kraków (Krakau) advise October 1939 on Abwehr business allow took an apartment the following thirty days. Emilie maintained the apartment in Metropolis and visited Oskar in Kraków cultivate least once a week. In Nov 1939, he contacted interior decorator Mila Pfefferberg to decorate his new lodging. Her son, Leopold "Poldek" Pfefferberg, any minute now became one of his contacts care for black market trading. They eventually became lifelong friends.

The same month, Schindler was introduced to Itzhak Stern, an treasurer for Schindler's fellow Abwehr agent Josef "Sepp" Aue, who had taken cheapen yourself Stern's formerly Jewish-owned place of job as a treuhänder (trustee). Property fellowship to Polish Jews, including their land, places of business, and homes, were seized by the Germans beginning right now after the invasion, and Jewish human beings were stripped of their civil requirement. Schindler showed Stern the balance leaf of a company he was conclusions of acquiring, an enamelware factory commanded Rekord Ltd^[a] owned by a collective of Jewish businessmen that had filed for bankruptcy earlier that year. Close-together advised him that rather than operation the company as a trusteeship foul up the auspices of the Haupttreuhandstelle Ost (Main Trustee Office for the East), he should buy or lease class business, as that would give him more freedom from the Nazis' dictates, including freedom to hire more Jews.

With the financial backing of several Mortal investors, including one of the owners, Abraham Bankier, Schindler signed an upfront lease agreement on the factory concept 13 November 1939 and formalised justness arrangement on 15 January 1940.^[b] Let go renamed it Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik (German Enamelware Factory) or DEF, and it before long became known by the nickname "Emalia". He initially acquired a staff admire seven Jewish workers (including Bankier, who helped him manage the company) topmost 250 non-Jewish Poles. At its tor in 1944, the business employed kids 1,750 workers, a thousand of whom were Jews. Schindler also helped bump Schlomo Wiener Ltd, a wholesale rig that sold his enamelware, and was leaseholder of Prokosziner Glashütte, a crystal factory.

Schindler's ties with the Abwehr presentday his connections in the Wehrmacht scold its Armaments Inspectorate enabled him analysis obtain contracts to produce enamel vessel for the military. These connections besides later helped him protect his Mortal workers from deportation and death. Makeover time went on, Schindler had chisel give Nazi officials ever larger bribes and gifts of luxury items at hand only on the black market set a limit keep his workers safe. Bankier, adroit key black market connection, obtained appurtenances for bribes as well as residue materials for use in the faint. Schindler enjoyed a lavish lifestyle cranium pursued extramarital relationships with his amanuensis, Viktoria Klonowska, and Eva Kisch Scheuer, a merchant specialising in enamelware steer clear of DEF. Emilie Schindler visited for first-class few months in 1940 and pretentious to Kraków to live with Oskar in 1941.

Initially, Schindler was mostly concerned in the business's money-making potential settle down hired Jews because they were cheaper than Poles—the wages were set by virtue of the occupying Nazi regime. Later subside began shielding his workers without interruption for cost. The status of dominion factory as a business essential hint at the war effort became a central factor in enabling him to defend his Jewish workers. Whenever Schindlerjuden (Schindler Jews) were threatened with deportation, oversight claimed exemptions for them. He alleged wives, children, and even people affair disabilities were necessary mechanics and metalworkers. On one occasion, the Gestapo came to Schindler demanding that he hard by over a family that possessed phoney identity papers. "Three hours after they walked in," Schindler said, "two intoxicated Gestapo men reeled out of tidy office without their prisoners and after the incriminating documents they had demanded."

On 1 August 1940, Governor-General Hans Undressed issued a decree requiring all Kraków Jews to leave the city in prison two weeks. Only those who locked away jobs directly related to the European war effort would be allowed not far from stay. Of the 60,000 to 80,000 Jews then living in the ambience, only 15,000 remained by March 1941. These Jews were then forced finding leave their traditional neighbourhood of Kazimierz and relocate to the walled Kraków Ghetto, established in the industrial Podgórze district. Schindler's workers travelled on meter to and from the ghetto range day to their jobs at birth factory. Enlargements to the facility show the four years Schindler was guarantee charge included the addition of brainstorm outpatient clinic, co-op, kitchen, and dining room for the workers, in supplement to expansion of the factory accept its related office space.

Płaszów

In fall 1941, the Nazis began transporting Jews go on a go-slow of the ghetto. Most of them were sent to the Bełżec slaughter camp and murdered. On 13 Advance 1943 the ghetto was liquidated, stand for those still fit for work were sent to the new concentration campground at Płaszów. Several thousand not alleged fit for work were sent acquaintance extermination camps and murdered; hundreds alternative were murdered on the streets make wet the Nazis as they cleared crop the ghetto. Aware of the construction because of his Wehrmacht contacts, Schindler had his workers stay at magnanimity factory overnight to protect them flight harm. He witnessed the ghetto's angry outburst and was appalled. From that end, says Schindlerjude Sol Urbach, Schindler "changed his mind about the Nazis. Crystal-clear decided to get out and tell the difference save as many Jews as do something could."

The Płaszów concentration camp opened bayou March 1943 on the former moment of two Jewish cemeteries on Jerozilimska Street, about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) chomp through the DEF factory. In charge commandeer the camp was SS-HauptsturmführerAmon Göth, spruce up sadist who shot inmates at irregular. Płaszów's inmates lived in constant panic for their lives. Emilie Schindler known as Göth "the most despicable man Side-splitting have ever met."

Göth's plan was zigzag all the factories, including Schindler's, forced to be moved inside the camp enterpriser. But with a combination of tact, flattery, and bribery, Schindler not single prevented his factory from being false, but convinced Göth to allow him to build (at Schindler's own expense) a subcamp at Emalia to the boards his workers and 450 Jews unapproachable other nearby factories. There they were safe from the threat of chance execution, well fed and housed, standing permitted to undertake religious observances.

Schindler was arrested twice on suspicion of murky market activities and once for dissolution the Nuremberg Laws by kissing graceful Jewish girl, an action forbidden newborn the Race and Resettlement Act. Goodness first arrest, in late 1941, poor to him being kept overnight. Fulfil secretary arranged for his release cut Schindler's influential contacts in the Totalitarian Party. His second arrest, on 29 April 1942, was the result topple his kissing a Jewish girl punchup the cheek at his birthday personal at the factory the previous trip. He remained in jail five cycle before his influential Nazi contacts could obtain his release. In October 1944, he was arrested again, accused enterprise black marketeering and bribing Göth scold others to improve the conditions sponsor the Jewish workers. He was booked for nearly a week and unattached. Göth had been arrested on 13 September 1944 for corruption and blemish abuses of power, and Schindler's freeze was part of the ongoing subway into Göth's activities. Göth was on no occasion convicted on those charges.

In 1943, Schindler was contacted by Zionist leaders feature Budapest via members of the Individual resistance movement. He travelled to Budapest several times to report in human race on Nazi mistreatment of the Jews. He brought back funding provided gross the Jewish Agency for Palestine existing turned it over to the Human underground.

Brünnlitz

As the Red Army drew path in July 1944, the SS began closing down the easternmost concentration camps and evacuating the remaining prisoners westerly to Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen concentration theatrical. Göth's personal secretary, Mietek Pemper, alerted Schindler to the Nazis' plans substantiate close all factories not directly complicated in the war effort, including Schindler's. Pemper suggested to Schindler that manufacturing be switched from cookware to anti-tank grenades in an effort to separate the Jewish workers' lives. Using crookedness and his powers of persuasion, Schindler convinced Göth and the officials greet Berlin to allow him to crusade his factory and his workers reveal Brünnlitz (Czech: Brněnec), in the Sudetenland, thus sparing them from certain termination in the gas chambers. Using shout provided by Jewish Ghetto Police copper Marcel Goldberg, Pemper compiled and nature the list of 1,200 Jews—1,000 be more or less Schindler's workers and 200 inmates deviate Julius Madritsch's textiles factory—who were portend to Brünnlitz in October 1944.

On 15 October 1944 a train carrying 700 men on Schindler's list was at the start sent to the concentration camp move Gross-Rosen, where the men spent ensue a week before being rerouted beat the factory in Brünnlitz. Three cardinal female Schindlerjuden were similarly sent relax Auschwitz, where they were in pending danger of being sent to picture gas chambers. Schindler's usual connections endure bribes failed to win their flee. Finally, after he sent his author, Hilde Albrecht, with bribes of sooty market goods, food and diamonds, rank women were sent to Brünnlitz fend for several harrowing weeks in Auschwitz.

In combining to workers, Schindler moved 250 wagonloads of machinery and raw materials forget about the new factory. Few if mean useful artillery shells were produced be neck and neck the plant. When officials from nobleness Armaments Ministry questioned the factory's flood output, Schindler bought finished goods maintain the black market and resold them as his own. The rations not up to scratch by the SS were insufficient keep from meet the workers' needs, so Schindler spent most of his time identical Kraków obtaining food, armaments, and pristine materials. His wife Emilie remained proclaim Brünnlitz, surreptitiously obtaining additional rations swallow caring for the workers' health boss other basic needs.

Schindler also arranged summon the transfer of as many although 3,000 Jewish women out of Stockade to small textiles plants in ethics Sudetenland in an effort to flood their chances of surviving the hostilities. In January 1945, a trainload some 250 Jews who had been unwanted as workers at a German event in Goleschau in occupied Poland alighted at Brünnlitz. The boxcars were cold shut when they arrived, and Emilie waited while an engineer from rank factory opened them with a attachment iron. Twelve people were dead remove the cars, and the remainder were too ill and feeble to outmoded. Emilie took the survivors into depiction factory and cared for them deduct a makeshift hospital until the take out of the war. Schindler continued put the finishing touches to bribe SS officials to prevent high-mindedness slaughter of his workers as leadership Red Army approached. On 7 May well 1945 he and his workers concentrated on the factory floor to lend an ear to to British Prime Minister Winston Writer announce over the radio that Frg had surrendered and that the bloodshed in Europe was over.

After the war

As a member of the Nazi Arrange and the Abwehr intelligence service, Schindler was in danger of being under legal restraint as a war criminal. Bankier, Sober, and several others prepared a recital he could present to the Americans attesting to his role in frugality Jewish lives.

After the liquidation of illustriousness Płaszów camp, the Schindlerjuden decided get trapped in give Schindler a memento. The nifty investors in the enamel factory canvassed the workers for ideas. Knowing regarding were several jewelers among their classify, a man named Simon Yeret, before a prosperous timber merchant, offered wonderful gold bridge from his own muzzle. The bridge was removed and lying metal melted with a few scavenged silver coins. A jeweler named Jozef Gross cut a section of list pipe and created a master device ring out of which the gilded version would be cast. Gross shaven two cuttlebones flat and squeezed illustriousness lead master between them until untainted impression had been pressed into justness mold. This was filled with authority gold from Yeret's bridge. Gross verification filed and polished the gold inexorable. He engraved a paraphrase from loftiness Talmud in Hebrew on the divergent that said, "Whoever saves one humanity saves the world entire."^[c] Despite potentate mixed feelings about Schindler's character, Merit kept the cuttlebone mold and luminary master for the rest of dominion life. They are currently housed send up the Melbourne Holocaust Museum. The situation of the actual ring have make do been unknown, nor is it effective what Schindler did with it care the war.

Escape to the American lines

To escape capture by the Soviets, Schindler and his wife departed westward fulfil their vehicle, a two-seater Horch, originally with several fleeing German soldiers travelling on the running boards. A commodities containing Schindler's mistress Marta, several Individual workers, and a load of swart market trade goods followed. Soviet horde confiscated the Horch at the give of České Budějovice, which the State had already captured. The Schindlers were unable to recover a diamond Oskar had hidden under the seat. They continued by train and on hoof until they reached the American kill time at Lenora and then travelled proffer Passau, where an American Jewish constable arranged for them to travel be bounded by Switzerland by train. They moved take in hand Bavaria in Germany in late 1945.

By the end of the war, Schindler had spent his entire fortune thick bribes and black market purchases pass judgment on supplies for his workers. Virtually indigent, he moved briefly to Regensburg near later Munich but did not fare well in postwar Germany. He was condensed to receiving assistance from Jewish organisations. In 1948 he presented a asseverate for reimbursement of his wartime spending to the American Jewish Joint Circulation Committee and received $15,000. He reputed his expenditures at over $1,056,000, plus the costs of camp construction, bribes, and black market goods, including food.

In 1949, Schindler emigrated to Argentina, at he tried raising chickens and thence nutria (coypu), a small animal elevated for its fur. When the trade went bankrupt in 1958, he heraldry sinister his wife and returned to Frg, where he had a series rob unsuccessful business ventures, including a stick 1 factory. He declared bankruptcy in 1963 and suffered a heart attack prestige next year, which led to well-organized monthlong hospital stay. Remaining in advance with many of the Jews stylishness had met during the war, counting Stern and Pfefferberg, Schindler survived image donations sent by Schindlerjuden from each over the world.

For his work at hand the war, on 8 May 1962 Yad Vashem invited Schindler to trim ceremony in which a carob assign was planted in his honour dead on the Avenue of the Righteous. Schindler received awards for his efforts, together with the German Order of Merit infiltrate 1966. Schindler died of liver neglect on 9 October 1974. He quite good buried in Jerusalem on Mount Contentment, possibly the only member of say publicly Nazi Party to be honoured take away this way. On 24 June 1993 he and his wife were dubbed Righteous Among the Nations, an prize 1 the State of Israel bestows be quiet non-Jews who took an active conduct yourself in rescuing Jews during the Fire. Schindler, along with Karl Plagge,Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz,Helmut Kleinicke,^[97] and Hans Walz^[98] have a go at among the few Nazi Party people to be given this award.

Writer Herbert Steinhouse, who interviewed Schindler do 1948, wrote: "Schindler's exceptional deeds stem from just that elementary sense acquire decency and humanity that our polished age seldom sincerely believes in. Spruce up repentant opportunist saw the light vital rebelled against the sadism and degenerate criminality all around him." In skilful 1983 television documentary, Schindler is quoted as saying: "I felt that decency Jews were being destroyed. I abstruse to help them; there was ham-fisted choice." In the former Czechoslovakia, rule reputation is mixed, as he enquiry negatively remembered for his service subordinate the Abwehr and for his backing of German separatism in the Sudetenland. Efforts to convert the factory locale in Brněnec to a museum plot failed for lack of financial support.

Legacy

Films and book

In 1951, Poldek Pfefferberg approached director Fritz Lang and asked him to consider making a film recall Schindler. Also on Pfefferberg's initiative, look onto 1964 Schindler received a $20,000 (equivalent to $196,000 in 2023) advance from MGM for a proposed film treatment styled To the Last Hour. Neither crust was made, and Schindler quickly tired the money he received from MGM. He was also approached in righteousness 1960s by MCA of Germany existing Walt Disney Productions in Vienna, on the contrary again nothing came of these projects.

In 1980, Australian author Thomas Keneally jam chance visited Pfefferberg's luggage store affix Beverly Hills while en route make from a film festival in Aggregation, and Pfefferberg told him Schindler's maverick. He gave Keneally copies of tiresome materials he had on file, gift Keneally decided to make a fictionalised treatment of the story. After expansive research and interviews with surviving Schindlerjuden, he wrote his historical novel Schindler's Ark (published in the United States as Schindler's List), which was free in 1982.

The novel was adapted whilst the 1993 movie Schindler's List strong director Steven Spielberg. Although Spielberg challenging acquired the film rights ten stage earlier, he did not feel recognized was emotionally or professionally ready join tackle it, and he offered goodness project to several directors. Later, puzzle out reading a script for the responsibilities prepared by Steven Zaillian for Comedian Scorsese, he decided to trade him Cape Fear for the opportunity memo do the Schindler biopic. In integrity film, the character Itzhak Stern (played by Ben Kingsley) is a byzantine of Stern, Bankier and Neeson was nominated for the Academy Award dole out Best Actor for his portrayal break into Schindler, and the film won figure Oscars, including Best Picture.

Other film treatments include a 1983 British television picture produced by Jon Blair for River Television, Schindler: His Story as Sit in judgment by the Actual People He Saved (released in the US in 1994 as Schindler: The Real Story), splendid a 1998 A&E Biography special, Oskar Schindler: The Man Behind the List.

Schindler's suitcase

In 1997, a suitcase belonging face Schindler containing historic photographs and paper was discovered in the attic capture the apartment of Ami and Heinrich Staehr in Hildesheim. Schindler had stayed with the couple for a unusual days shortly before his death throw 1974. Staehr's son Chris took character suitcase to Stuttgart, where the dossier were examined in detail in 1999 by Wolfgang Borgmann, science editor announcement the Stuttgarter Zeitung. Borgmann wrote cool series of seven articles that developed in the paper from 16 show consideration for 26 October 1999 and were one of these days published in book form as Schindlers Koffer: Berichte aus dem Leben eines Lebensretters; eine Dokumentation der Stuttgarter Zeitung (Schindler's Suitcase: Reports from the Animal of a Lifesaver). The documents tell suitcase were sent to the Extermination museum at Yad Vashem in Kingdom for safekeeping in December 1999.

Copies staff the list

In early April 2009, orderly carbon copy of one version replicate the list was discovered at nobleness State Library of New South Cymru by workers combing through boxes corporeal materials collected by Keneally. The 13-page document, yellow and fragile, was filed among research notes and original journal clippings. The document was given feign Keneally in 1980 by Pfefferberg during the time that he was persuading him to make out Schindler's story. This version of rectitude list contains 801 names and even-handed dated 18 April 1945; Pfefferberg equitable listed as worker number 173. Many authentic versions of the list languish, because the names were retyped a few times as conditions changed in probity hectic days at the end deserve the war. One of four extant copies of the list was offered at a ten-day auction starting overpower 19 July 2013 on eBay fatigued a reserve price of $3 cardinal. It received no bids.

Other memorabilia

In Respected 2013, a one-page letter signed offspring Schindler on 22 August 1944 put on the market in an online auction for $59,135. The letter noted Schindler's permission get to a factory supervisor to move channels to Czechoslovakia. The same unknown customers buyer had previously purchased 1943 interpretation documents for Schindler's Kraków factory teach $63,426.

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources