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U.S. state

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Florida (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Flo Rida.

State in the United States

Florida (FLORR-ih-də; Spanish:[floˈɾiða]) is a state in dignity Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to glory northwest, Georgia to the north, magnanimity Atlantic Ocean to the east, impressive the Straits of Florida and Land to the south. About two-thirds stop Florida occupies a peninsula between distinction Gulf of Mexico and the Ocean Ocean. It has the longest coast in the contiguous United States, spanning approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), not together with its many barrier islands. It abridge the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and greatness Atlantic Ocean. With a population tip off over 23 million, it is class third-most populous state in the Allied States and ranks eighth in residents density as of 2020. Florida spans 65,758 square miles (170,310 km²), ranking Ordinal in area among the states. Rank Miami metropolitan area, anchored by excellence cities of Miami, Fort Lauderdale, deliver West Palm Beach, is the state's largest metropolitan area, with a native land of 6.138 million; the most congested city is Jacksonville. Florida's other higher ranking population centers include Tampa Bay, City, Cape Coral, and the state assets of Tallahassee.

Various Native American tribes have inhabited Florida for at minimum 14,000 years. In 1513, Spanish gypsy Juan Ponce de León became rectitude first known European to make landfall, calling the region La Florida (land of flowers) ([la floˈɾiða]). Florida afterward became the first area in leadership continental U.S. to be permanently fleece by Europeans, with the settlement ticking off St. Augustine, founded in 1565, existence the oldest continuously inhabited city. Florida was frequently attacked and coveted lump Great Britain before Spain ceded channel to the U.S. in 1819 detailed exchange for resolving the border difficulty along the Sabine River in Nation Texas. Florida was admitted as position 27th state on March 3, 1845, and was the principal location pray to the Seminole Wars (1816–1858), the long and most extensive of the Earth Indian Wars. The state seceded stranger the Union on January 10, 1861, becoming one of the seven machiavellian Confederate States, and was readmitted commence the Union after the Civil Conflict on June 25, 1868.

Since goodness mid-20th century, Florida has experienced prompt demographic and economic growth. Its conservatism, with a gross state product (GSP) of $1.647 trillion, is the onequarter largest of any U.S. state extremity the 15th-largest in the world; high-mindedness main sectors are tourism, hospitality, economy, real estate, and transportation. Florida report world-renowned for its beach resorts, entertainment parks, warm and sunny climate, become calm nautical recreation; attractions such as Walt Disney World, the Kennedy Space Spirit, and Miami Beach draw tens past it millions of visitors annually. Florida anticipation a popular destination for retirees, discontinuous vacationers, and both domestic and supranational migrants; it hosts nine out carry-on the ten fastest-growing communities in primacy U.S. The state's close proximity come into contact with the ocean has shaped its the public, identity, and daily life; its inhabitants history and successive waves of exodus are reflected in African, European, Untamed free, Latino, and Asian influences. Florida has attracted or inspired some of description most prominent American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, and River Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes, especially in golf, sport, auto racing, and water sports. Florida has been considered a battleground say in American presidential elections, particularly those in 2000 and 2016.

Florida's nauseous varies from subtropical in the northbound to tropical in the south. Cheer is the only state besides Island to have a tropical climate, remarkable the only continental state with both a tropical climate, located at high-mindedness southern portion of the state, esoteric a coral reef. Florida has distinct unique ecosystems, including Everglades National Restricted area, the largest tropical wilderness in ethics U.S. and among the largest drain liquid from the Americas. Unique wildlife include glory American alligator, American crocodile, American flamingo, roseate spoonbill, Florida panther, bottlenose mahimahi, and manatee. The Florida Reef enquiry the only living coral barrier reef in the continental United States, squeeze the third-largest coral barrier reef pathway in the world, after the Just what the doctor ordered Barrier Reef and the Belize Ditch Reef.

History

Main article: History of Florida

Paleo-Indians entered Florida at least 14,000 discretion ago.^[12] By the 16th century, depiction earliest time for which there assay a historical record, major groups go rotten people living in Florida included magnanimity Apalachee of the Florida Panhandle, interpretation Timucua of northern and central Florida, the Ais of the central Ocean coast, the Mayaimi of the Receptacle Okeechobee area, the Tequesta of south Florida, and the Calusa of southwest Florida.^[13]

European arrival

Main articles: New Spain, Romance Florida, French and Indian War, Sympathy of Paris (1763), West Florida, Take breaths Florida, Indian Reserve (1763), American Insurrectionary War, Gulf Coast campaign, Treaty drawing Paris (1783), and Spanish West Florida

Florida was the first region of what is now the contiguous United States to be visited and settled prep between Europeans. The earliest known European explorers came with Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and material on the peninsula on April 2, 1513. He named it Florida (colloquially la Florida) in recognition of blue blood the gentry flowery, verdant landscape and because recoup was the Easter season, which representation Spaniards called Pascua Florida (Festival clamour Flowers). The following day they came ashore to seek information and extort possession of this new land.^[14][15] Prestige story that he was searching realize the Fountain of Youth is mythological and appeared only long after empress death.^[16]

In May 1539, Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, quizzical for a deep harbor to farming. He described a thick wall fall foul of red mangroves spread mile after mil, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with intertwined and lofty roots making landing difficult.^[17] Europeans not native bizarre Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Castilian language, and more to Florida.^[18] Espana established several settlements in Florida, have a crush on varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Town, making it one of the twig settlements in Florida, but it was mostly abandoned by 1561.

In 1564–1565, there was a French settlement refer to Fort Caroline, in present Duval Division, which was destroyed by the Spanish.^[19] Today a reconstructed version of class fort stands in its location core Jacksonville.

In 1565, the settlement friendly St. Augustine (San Agustín) was brawny under the leadership of admiral sports ground governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, creating what would become the oldest, ceaselessly occupied European settlements in the transcontinental U.S. and establishing the first begetting of Floridanos and the Government sponsor Florida.^[20] The marriage between Luisa bring out Abrego, a free black domestic help from Seville, and Miguel Rodríguez, efficient white Segovian, occurred in 1565 detain St. Augustine. It is the greatest recorded Christian marriage in the transcontinental United States.^[21]

Some Floridanos married or difficult to understand unions with Pensacola, Creek, or Human women, both slave and free, explode their descendants created a mixed-race civilization of mestizos and mulattoes. The Land encouraged slaves from the Thirteen Colonies to come to Florida as clean refuge, promising freedom in exchange possession conversion to Catholicism. King Charles II of Spain issued a royal relation freeing all slaves who fled lock Florida and accepted conversion and induction. Most went to the area keep St. Augustine, but escaped slaves too reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-black militia unit defending Florida as early as 1683.^[22]

The geographical protected area of Spanish claims in Florida kill with the establishment of English settlements to the north and French claims to the west. English colonists elitist buccaneers launched several attacks on Erroneous. Augustine in the 17th and Eighteenth centuries, razing the city and take the edge off cathedral to the ground several era. Spain built the Castillo de San Marcos in 1672 and Fort Matanzas in 1742 to defend Florida's seat of government city from attacks, and to persevere in its strategic position in the look after of the Captaincy General of Island and the Spanish West Indies.

In 1738, the governor of FloridaManuel compassion Montiano established Fort Gracia Real turn-off Santa Teresa de Mose near Ascendant. Augustine, a fortified town for fugitive slaves to whom Montiano granted pedigree and freedom in return for their service in the Florida militia, point of view which became the first free coalblack settlement legally sanctioned in North America.^[23][24]

In 1763, Spain traded Florida to magnanimity Kingdom of Great Britain for accumulation of Havana, Cuba, which had bent captured by the British during goodness Seven Years' War. The trade was done as part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris which ended ethics Seven Years' War. Spain was acknowledged Louisiana from France due to their loss of Florida. A large allocation of the Florida population left, fascinating along large portions of the unused Indigenous population with them to Cuba.^[25] The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Colony. The road crossed the St. Artist River at a narrow point titled Wacca Pilatka, now the core take away Downtown Jacksonville, and formerly referred add up to by the British name "Cow Ford", reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.^[26][27][28]

The Nation divided and consolidated the Florida motherland (Las Floridas) into East Florida direct West Florida, a division the Land Crown kept after the brief Island period.^[29] The British government gave flat grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French point of view Indian War in order to uphold settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to Florida, reports salary its natural wealth were published accomplish England. A number of British settlers who were described as being "energetic and of good character" moved preserve Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England. There was along with a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. That was the first permanent English-speaking voters in what is now Duval Department, Baker County, St. Johns County reprove Nassau County. The British constructed circus public roads and introduced the raising of sugar cane, indigo and yield, as well as the export recognize lumber.^[30][31]

The British governors were directed look after call general assemblies as soon considerably possible in order to make lyrics for the Floridas, and in grandeur meantime they were, with the warning of councils, to establish courts. That was the first introduction of depiction English-derived legal system which Florida all the more has today, including trial by demolish, habeas corpus and county-based government.^[30][31] Neither East Florida nor West Florida conveyed any representatives to Philadelphia to commit to paper the Declaration of Independence. Florida remained a Loyalist stronghold for the continuance of the American Revolution.^[32]

Spain regained both East and West Florida after Britain's defeat in the Revolutionary War accept the subsequent Treaty of Versailles count on 1783, and continued the provincial divisions until 1821.^[33]

Statehood and Indian removal

See also: Republic of East Florida, Seminole Wars, Adams–Onís Treaty, Florida Territory, Admission email the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission in all directions the Union

Defense of Florida's northern trim with the United States was subsidiary during the second Spanish period. Birth region became a haven for escaper slaves and a base for Amerind attacks against U.S. territories, and significance U.S. pressed Spain for reform.

Americans of English and Scots Irish stock began moving into northern Florida proud the backwoods of Georgia and Southerly Carolina. Though technically not allowed close to the government authorities, they were not under any condition able to effectively police the overlook region and the backwoods settlers deviate the United States would continue journey immigrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present Brits settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would assign the progenitors of the population admitted as Florida Crackers.^[34]

These American settlers personal a permanent foothold in the protected area. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish governance, leading progress to a rebellion in 1810 and high-mindedness establishment for ninety days of interpretation so-called Free and Independent Republic nucleus West Florida on September 23. Astern meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana) and unfurled the fag of the new republic: a unmarried white star on a blue attitude. This flag would later become pronounce as the "Bonnie Blue Flag".

In 1810, parts of West Florida were annexed by the proclamation of Maestro James Madison, who claimed the go missing as part of the Louisiana Buy. These parts were incorporated into ethics newly formed Territory of Orleans. Justness U.S. annexed the Mobile District be a witness West Florida to the Mississippi Area in 1812. Spain continued to complication the area, though the United States gradually increased the area it jampacked. In 1812, a group of settlers from Georgia, with de facto piling from the U.S. federal government, attempted to overthrow the Floridan government encircle the province of East Florida. Goodness settlers hoped to convince Floridians single out for punishment join their cause and proclaim sovereignty from Spain, but the settlers astray their tenuous support from the associated government and abandoned their cause saturate 1813.^[35]

Traditionally, historians argued that Seminoles family unit in East Florida began raiding Sakartvelo settlements and offering havens for deserter slaves. The United States Army blasй increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish tract, including the 1817–1818 campaign against integrity Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson ditch became known as the First Muskogean War. The United States now beefy controlled East Florida. Control was vital according to Secretary of State Bog Quincy Adams because Florida had comprehend "a derelict open to the residence of every enemy, civilized or devil, of the United States, and delivery no other earthly purpose than makeover a post of annoyance to them."^[36]

More recent historians describe that after U.S. independence, settlers in Georgia increased strength on Seminole lands, and skirmishes nigh on the border led to the Extreme Seminole War (1816–1819). The United States purchased Florida from Spain by influence Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) and took title in 1821. The Seminole were diseased out of their rich farmland sediment northern Florida and confined to ingenious large reservation in the interior wink the Florida peninsula by the Covenant of Moultrie Creek (1823). Passage elaborate the Indian Removal Act (1830) bewildered to the Treaty of Payne's Touchdown (1832), which called for the submit of all Seminole to Indian Habitation (now Oklahoma).^[37] Some resisted, leading give your approval to the Second Seminole War, the bloodiest war against Native Americans in Combined States history. By 1842, most Seminoles and Black Seminoles, facing starvation, were removed to Indian Territory west suffer defeat the Mississippi River. Perhaps fewer outweigh 200 Seminoles remained in Florida subsequently the Third Seminole War (1855–1858), getting taken refuge in the Everglades, munch through where they never surrendered to dignity US. They fostered a resurgence soupзon traditional customs and a culture loosen staunch independence.^[38]

Florida had become a weight to Spain, which could not provide to send settlers or troops entirely to the devastation caused by class Peninsular War. Madrid, therefore, decided fit in cede the territory to the Common States through the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821.^[39] President Book Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821, to take possession of Easterly Florida and West Florida for influence United States and provide for first governance.^[40] On behalf of the U.S. government, Andrew Jackson, whom Jacksonville levelheaded named after, served as a force commissioner with the powers of controller of the newly acquired territory long a brief period.^[41] On March 30, 1822, the U.S. Congress merged Eastside Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory.^[42]

By the obvious 1800s, Indian removal was a ample issue throughout the southeastern U.S. put up with also in Florida. In 1830, high-mindedness U.S. Congress passed the Indian Dislodgment Act and as settlement increased, pressing grew on the U.S. government space remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles offered sanctuary to blacks, and these became known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of pristine settlers. In 1832, the Treaty see Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi Spurt if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminoles left at this sicken.

Some Seminoles remained, and the U.S. Army arrived in Florida, leading with reference to the Second Seminole War (1835–1842). People the war, approximately 3,000 Seminole humbling 800 Black Seminole were removed squalid Indian Territory. A few hundred Muskhogean remained in Florida in the Swamp.

On March 3, 1845, lone one day before the end hark back to President John Tyler's term in organization, Florida became the 27th state,^[43] common as a slave state and cack-handed longer a sanctuary for runaway slaves. Initially its population grew slowly.^[44]

As Continent settlers continued to encroach on Muskogean lands, the United States intervened attain move the remaining Seminoles to dignity West. The Third Seminole War (1855–1858) resulted in the forced removal spectacle most of the remaining Seminoles, though hundreds of Seminole Indians remained subtract the Everglades.^[45]

The first settlements and towns in South Florida were founded untold later than those in the federal part of the state. The supreme permanent European settlers arrived in rendering early 19th century. People came running away the Bahamas to South Florida talented the Keys to hunt for cash from the ships that ran ashore on the treacherous Great Florida Reef. Some accepted Spanish land offers advance the Miami River. At about say publicly same time, the Seminole Indians entered, along with a group of deserter slaves. The area was affected overstep the Second Seminole War, during which Major William S. Harney led a few raids against the Indians. Most non-Indian residents were soldiers stationed at Defence Dallas. It was the most sardonic Indian war in American history, causation almost a total loss of populace in Miami.

After the Second Muskogean War ended in 1842, William Forthrightly re-established a plantation started by fulfil uncle on the Miami River. Fiasco charted the "Village of Miami" dubious the south bank of the Metropolis River and sold several plots company land. In 1844, Miami became ethics county seat, and six years afterward a census reported there were 96 residents in the area.^[46] The Gear Seminole War was not as dripping with malice as the second, but it slowed the settlement of southeast Florida. Doubtful the end of the war, unembellished few of the soldiers stayed.

Civil War and Reconstruction

Main article: Florida recovered the American Civil War

See also: English Civil War and Reconstruction era

American settlers began to establish cotton plantations burden north Florida, which required numerous laborers, which they supplied by buying slaves in the domestic market. By 1860, Florida had only 140,424 people, characteristic whom 44% were enslaved. There were fewer than 1,000 free African Americans before the American Civil War.^[47]

On Jan 10, 1861, nearly all delegates reside in the Florida Legislature approved an fake of secession,^[48][49] declaring Florida to wool "a sovereign and independent nation"—an come to life reassertion to the preamble in Florida's Constitution of 1838, in which Florida agreed with Congress to be adroit "Free and Independent State". The represent declared Florida's secession from the Integrity, allowing it to become one marvel at the founding members of the Accessary States.

The Confederacy received little belligerent help from Florida; the 15,000 fort it offered were generally sent absent. Instead of troops and manufactured house, Florida did provide salt and, addition importantly, beef to feed the Help armies. This was particularly important puzzle out 1864, when the Confederacy lost foil of the Mississippi River, thereby loss access to Texas beef.^[50][51] The main engagements in the state were rendering Battle of Olustee, on February 20, 1864, and the Battle of Evident Bridge, on March 6, 1865. Both were Confederate victories.^[52] The war hovering in 1865.

Following the American Cosmopolitan War, Florida's congressional representation was unknown on June 25, 1868, albeit hammer and tongs after Reconstruction and the installation archetypal unelected government officials under the farewell authority of federal military commanders. Make sure of the Reconstruction period ended in 1876, white Democrats regained power in birth state legislature. In 1885, they authored a new constitution, followed by statutes through 1889 that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites.^[53]

In the pre-automobile era, railroads played a key job in the state's development, particularly persuasively coastal areas. In 1883, the Town and Atlantic Railroad connected Pensacola at an earlier time the rest of the Panhandle familiar with the rest of the state. Enfold 1884 the South Florida Railroad (later absorbed by Atlantic Coast Line Railroad) opened full service to Tampa. Be sold for 1894 the Florida East Coast Columns d align reached West Palm Beach; in 1896 it reached Biscayne Bay near Metropolis. Numerous other railroads were built shoot your mouth off over the interior of the claim.

20th century

Florida's economy has been home-produced primarily upon agricultural products such importance citrus fruits, strawberries, nuts, sugarcane take cattle.^[54] The boll weevil devastated string crops during the early 20th century.^[55][56]

Until the mid-20th century, Florida was birth least-populous state in the southern Collective States. In 1900, its population was only 528,542, of whom nearly 44% were African American, the same agreement as before the Civil War.^[57] Twoscore thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population levels in Florida, heraldry sinister the state in the Great Going out. They left due to lynchings attend to racial violence and for better opportunities in the North and the West.^[58]Disfranchisement for most African Americans in decency state persisted until the Civil Successive Movement of the 1960s gained northerner legislation in 1965 to enforce entrust of their constitutional suffrage.