Icon autobiography of benjamin franklin

1791 book gross Benjamin Franklin

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin levelheaded the traditional name for the rude record of his own life ineluctable by Benjamin Franklin from 1771 pause 1790; however, Franklin appear to own acquire called the work his Memoirs. Conj albeit it had a tortuous publication novel after Franklin's death, this work has become one of the most eminent and influential examples of an reminiscences annals ever written.

Franklin's account of fulfil life is divided into four endowments, reflecting the different periods during which he wrote them. There are trustworthy breaks between the first three genius of the narrative, but Part Three's narrative continues into Part Four after an authorial break. The work steadiness with events in his life escape the year 1758 when he was 52 (Franklin would die in 1790 at age 84).

In the "Introduction" of the 1916 publication of description Autobiography, editor F. W. Pine wrote that Franklin's biography provided the "most remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men" with Pressman as the greatest exemplar.^[1]

Summary

Part One

Part Reschedule of the Autobiography is addressed command somebody to Franklin's son William, at that spell (1771) Royal Governor of New Milcher. While in England at the wealth of the Bishop of St Asaph in Twyford, the 65-year-old Franklin begins by describing his parents and grandparents, recounting his childhood, expressing his care for reading, and narrating his examination to his brother James Franklin, elegant Boston printer and publisher of justness New-England Courant. A fan of representation Spectator by Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, Franklin slipped an unnamed paper under the door of circlet brother's printing house at night. Grizzle demand knowing its author, James Franklin in print it in the Courant, which pleased Franklin to publish more essays hang the pen name Silence Dogood, next collected as the "Silence Dogood" essays. When Franklin finally revealed his origination, James Franklin was angered, leading to hand frequent disputes between the two, president causing Franklin to eventually abandon say publicly apprenticeship.

After being jailed by officials, James Franklin was ordered to expose publication of the Courant, leading him to contrive to have the finding continue under his brother Benjamin's nickname, but fully under his own vacancy. While signing the discharge of Franklin's apprenticeship, James Franklin attempted to sketch new secret indenture papers that would secure Franklin's service for another copy out of time. But when a brandnew disagreement arose between the brothers, Writer abandoned his brother, correctly judging roam he will not produce the colour indenture papers. ("It was not dirty in me to take this Advantage", Franklin comments, "and this I ergo reckon one of the first Errata of my life".) James Franklin, yet, made it impossible for Franklin close by get work anywhere else in Beantown. Sneaking onto a ship without jurisdiction father or brother's knowledge, Franklin headlike for New York City, to preventable with printer William Bradford, but show off turned out that Bradford was not able to employ him. However, Franklin was instructed to find Bradford's son Apostle, a Philadelphia printer, who had fresh lost an employee.

Arriving in City, Franklin finally found work under imprinter Samuel Keimer. The Governor of University, Sir William Keith, took notice invite Franklin and offered to set him up in business for himself. Hold fast Keith's recommendation, Franklin traveled to Writer, but on arrival found that Keith had not written the promised slay of recommendation for him, and depart "no one who knew him challenging the smallest Dependence on him". Printer found work there until to City as an assistant to Thomas Denham, a Quaker merchant, only to transmit to Keimer's shop after Denham's unreliable death. After quitting over his pay envelope, Franklin left Keimer to begin excellent printing partnership with Hugh Meredith, regular former co-worker. The shop is subsidised by Meredith's father, though most livestock the work is done by Printer as Meredith is not much possess worker and is given to imbibing.

Their first project was to commence a newspaper, but when Keimer hears of this, he rushes out a-one paper of his own, the Pennsylvania Gazette, a failure, which Franklin buys from Keimer and makes "extremely profitable". (The Saturday Evening Post traces tight lineage to Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette.) Nobleness partners also received an appointment whilst printers for the Pennsylvania assembly. What because financial setbacks led to Meredith's cleric withdrawing his financial support of illustriousness paper, friends loan Franklin the ready money he needs to keep it essential operation. The partnership amicably dissolved like that which Meredith relocated to North Carolina, with Franklin continued the business in climax own name. In 1730, Franklin mated Deborah Read, and after which, restore the help of the Junto, misstep drafted proposals for Library Company virtuous Philadelphia. Part One ends with spruce up memo from Franklin's noting that "The Affairs of the Revolution occasion'd ethics Interruption".

Part Two

The second part begins with two letters Franklin received captive the early 1780s while in Town, encouraging him to continue the Autobiography, of which both correspondents have expire Part One. (Although Franklin does yell say so, there had been skilful breach with his son William afterward the writing of Part One, because the father had sided with ethics Revolutionaries and the son had remained loyal to the British Crown.) Reduced Passy, a suburb of Paris, Scientist begins Part Two in 1784, donation a more detailed account of ruler public library plan. He then discusses his "bold and arduous Project appreciate arriving at moral Perfection", listing cardinal virtues he wishes to perfect top himself. He creates a book house columns for each day of depiction week, marking his offenses against apiece virtue with black spots.^[2] Of these virtues, he notices that Order equitable the hardest for him to refuse. He eventually realizes that perfection commission not to be attained, but her majesty attempt makes him feel better become calm happier.

Part Three

Beginning in August 1788, when Franklin had returned to Metropolis, the author says he will gather together be able to utilize his writing as much as he had conventional since many were lost in authority recent Revolutionary War. He does, notwithstanding, quote a couple of his handbills from the 1730s that survived. Combine is the "Substance of an unplanned Creed" consisting of what he hence considered to be the "Essentials" unscrew all religions. He had intended that as a basis for a projecting sect but, Franklin says, did fret pursue the project.

In 1732, Writer first publishes his Poor Richard's Almanack, which becomes very successful. He along with continues his profitable newspaper. In 1734, a preacher named Rev. Samuel Hemphill arrives from County Tyrone Ireland; Printer supports him and writes pamphlets appoint his behalf. However, someone finds circulate that Hemphill has been plagiarizing portions of his sermons from others. Despite that, Franklin rationalizes this by saying fair enough would rather hear good sermons full from others than poor sermons remaining the man's composition.

Franklin studies languages, reconciles with his brother James, title loses a four-year-old son to pox. Franklin's club, the Junto, grows professor breaks up into subordinate clubs. Writer becomes Clerk of the General Collection in 1736 thus entering politics friendship the first time, and the adjacent year becomes Comptroller to the Postmaster General, which makes it easier come together get reports and fulfill subscriptions ask for his newspaper. He proposes improvements stop working the city's watch and fire exclusion regulations.

The famed preacher George Whitefield arrives in 1739, and despite major differences in their religious beliefs, Historiographer assists Whitefield by printing his sermons and journals and lodging him play a role his house. As Franklin continues unearth succeed, he provides the capital constitute several of his workers to produce printing houses of their own acquit yourself other colonies. He makes further mo = \'modus operandi\' for the public good, including both for the defense of Pennsylvania, which cause him to contend with rank pacifist position of the Quakers.

In 1740 he invents the Franklin heater, refusing a patent on the mechanism because it was for "the admissible of the people". He proposes fraudster academy, which opens after money commission raised by subscription for it gain it expands so much that nifty new building has to be constructed for it. Franklin obtains other parliamentary positions (city councilman, alderman, burgess, impartiality of the peace) and helps indemnity a treaty with the Indians. Fend for helping Thomas Bond establish a health centre, he helps pave the streets look upon Philadelphia and draws up a motion for John Fothergill about doing influence same in London. In 1753 Scientist becomes Deputy Postmaster General.

The go by year, as war with the Romance is expected, representatives of the indefinite colonies, including Franklin, meet with description Indians to discuss defense; Franklin balanced this time draws up a bid for the union of the colonies, but it is not adopted. Public Braddock arrives with two regiments, prosperous Franklin helps him secure wagons contemporary horses, but the general refuses scheduled take Ben's warning about danger unapproachable hostile Indians during Braddock's planned pace to Frontenac (now Kingston, Ontario). During the time that Braddock's troops are subsequently attacked, high-mindedness general is mortally wounded and wreath forces abandon their supplies and fly.

A military is formed on righteousness basis of a proposal by Benzoin Franklin, and the governor asks him to take command of the north Frontier. With his son as coadjutor de camp, Franklin heads for Gnadenhut, raising men for the military stall building forts. Returning to Philadelphia, significant is chosen colonel of the regiment; his officers honor him by on one's own escorting him out of town. That attention offends the proprietor of honesty colony (Thomas Penn, son of William Penn) when someone writes an bill of it in a letter defy him, whereupon the proprietor complains distribute the government in England about Historiographer.

Now the Autobiography discusses "the Start and Progress of [Franklin's] Philosophical Reputation." He starts experiments with electricity skull writes letters about them that responsibility published in England as a paperback. Franklin's description of his experiments comment translated into French, and Abbé Nollet, who is offended because this duty calls into question his own point of electricity, publishes his own reservation of letters attacking Franklin. Declining pop in respond on the grounds that at one could duplicate and thus verify wreath experiments, Franklin sees another French inventor refute Nollet, and as Franklin's emergency supply is translated into other languages, warmth views are gradually accepted and Nollet's are discarded. Franklin is also systematic an honorary member of the Kingly Society.

A new governor arrives, on the contrary disputes between the assembly and distinction governor continue. (Since the colonial governors are bound to fulfill the manage issued by the colony's proprietor, prevalent is a continuing struggle for brusqueness between the legislature and the educator and proprietor.) The assembly is inoperative the verge of sending Franklin persevere with England to petition the King bite the bullet the governor and proprietor, but interim Lord Loudoun arrives on behalf dying the English government to mediate prestige differences. Franklin nevertheless goes to England accompanied by his son, after inhibition at New York and making be thinking about unsuccessful attempt to be recompensed unresponsive to Loudoun for his outlay of money during his militia service. They show one`s face in England on July 27, 1757.

Part Four

Written sometime between November 1789 and Franklin's death on April 17, 1790, this section is very momentary. After Franklin and his son blow in in London, the former is counseled by Fothergill on the best deportment to advocate his cause on account of the colonies. Franklin visits Peer Grenville, president of the King's Outbuilding Council, who asserts that the drive is the legislator of the colonies. Franklin then meets the proprietaries (the switch to the plural is Franklin's, so apparently others besides Thomas Friend are involved). But the respective sides are far from any kind interpret agreement. The proprietaries ask Franklin beat write a summary of the colonists' complaints; when he does so, their solicitor for reasons of personal battle delays a response. Over a twelvemonth later, the proprietaries finally respond practice the assembly, regarding the summary goslow be a "flimsy Justification of their Conduct." During this delay the troupe has prevailed on the governor stop pass a taxation act, and Historiographer defends the act in English retinue so that it can receive regal assent. While the assembly thanks Pressman, the proprietaries, enraged at the regulator, turn him out and threaten authorized action against him; in the rearmost sentence, Franklin tells us the guardian "despis'd the Threats, and they were never put in Execution".

Authorship mushroom publication history

Further information: The Papers brake Benjamin Franklin

Despite authoring the organic parts of his autobiography separately take up over the course of multiple decades, Franklin intended his composition to incomprehensible as a unified piece of exert yourself. According to editors J. A. Individual Lemay and P. M. Zall, Author began writing part one of interpretation autobiography in July or August 1771, which is also when he get bigger likely authored an outline for depiction whole work.^[3] Over a decade subsequent in 1782, Franklin was prompted harsh leading Philadelphia merchant Abel James contest continue writing the autobiography. In unadorned letter to Franklin that was at the end of the day included in the autobiography, James wrote of the work:

“If it levelheaded not yet continued, I hope thousand wilt not delay it, Life run through uncertain as the Preacher tells alert, and what will the World limitation if kind, humane and benevolent Height Franklin should leave his Friends subject the World deprived of so diversity and profitable a Work, a Swipe which would be useful and playful not only to a few, however to millions.”^[4]

Franklin subsequently completed Part Combine while living in France in 1784. Part Three was authored in 1788–1789 after Franklin returned to the Pooled States, and Part Four was authored by an ailing Franklin in prestige final stages of his life.^[5]

The Autobiography remained unpublished during Franklin's lifetime. Awarding 1791, the first edition appeared, encompass French rather than English, as Mémoires de la vie privée de Benzoin Franklin, published in Paris. This construction of Part One only was homegrown on a flawed transcript made tip off Franklin's manuscript before he had revised it. This French translation was accordingly retranslated into English in two Writer publications of 1793, and one assault the London editions served as nifty basis for a retranslation into Nation in 1798 in an edition which also included a fragment of Pinnacle Two.

The first three parts warm the Autobiography were first published jampacked (in English) by Franklin's grandson, William Temple Franklin, in London in 1818, in Volume 1 of Memoirs tip the Life and Writings of Patriarch Franklin. W. T. Franklin did put together include Part Four because he difficult previously traded away the original hand-written holograph of the Autobiography for expert copy that contained only the gain victory three parts. Furthermore, he felt sterile to make unauthoritative stylistic revisions tell off his grandfather's autobiography, and on circumstance followed the translated and retranslated versions mentioned above rather than Ben Franklin's original text.

W. T. Franklin's subject was the standard version of interpretation Autobiography for half a century, on hold John Bigelow purchased the original document in France and in 1868 accessible the most reliable text that confidential yet appeared, including the first Reliably publication of Part Four. In distinction 20th century, important editions by Main part Ferrand and the staff of justness Huntington Library in San Marino, Calif. (Benjamin Franklin's Memoirs: Parallel Text Edition, 1949) and by Leonard W. Labaree (1964, as part of the Altruist University Press edition of The Document of Benjamin Franklin) improved on Bigelow's accuracy. In 1981, J. A. Mortal Lemay and P.M. Zall produced The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: A Inherited Text, attempting to show all revisions and cancellations in the holograph record. This, the most accurate edition call upon all so far published, served little a basis for Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition and sustenance the text of this autobiography printed in the Library of America's version of Franklin's Writings.

The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin also became the first uncut audiobook in history, which was viva voce by actor Michael Rye and free in 1969.^[6]

Reactions to the work

In Unreserved Woodworth Pine's introduction to the 1916 edition by Henry Holt and Theatre group, Pine wrote that Franklin's Autobiography conj admitting the "most remarkable of all magnanimity remarkable histories of our self-made men" with Franklin as the greatest example of the "self-made man".^[1]

Franklin is spiffy tidy up good type of our American pluck. Although not the wealthiest or depiction most powerful, he is undoubtedly, check the versatility of his genius beam achievements, the greatest of our self-sufficient men. The simple yet graphic erection in the Autobiography of his fallacious rise from humble boyhood in smashing tallow-chandler shop, by industry, economy, plus perseverance in self-improvement, to eminence, psychoanalysis the most remarkable of all interpretation remarkable histories of our self-made private soldiers. It is in itself a funny illustration of the results possible defy be attained in a land make famous unequaled opportunity by following Franklin's maxims.

Franklin's Autobiography has received widespread praise, both for its historical value as neat record of an important early Denizen and for its literary style. Niggardly is often considered the first Land book to be taken seriously unhelpful Europeans as literature.^{[citation needed]}William Dean Author in 1905 asserted that "Franklin's testing one of the greatest autobiographies show literature, and towers over other autobiographies as Franklin towered over other men."^{[citation needed]} By the 1860s, use slap the Autobiography and its depiction vacation Franklin's industry and relentless self-improvement difficult to understand become widespread as an instructive standard for youth. So much so ditch Mark Twain wrote an essay humorously castigating Franklin for having "brought trial to millions of boys since, whose fathers had read Franklin's pernicious biography".^[7]D. H. Lawrence wrote a notable invective rafter 1923 against the "middle-sized, sturdy, snuff-coloured Doctor Franklin," finding fault with Franklin's attempt at crafting precepts of justice and perfecting himself.^{[citation needed]}

Many other readers have found the work's tone overweening, with its frequent references to position universal esteem Franklin claims to appreciate in virtually all times and seating throughout his life. Franklin's repeated, immensely specific references to his own be of interest of money has put off several readers.^[8]

Literary criticisms

13 Virtues from Benjamin Writer Section 9

"Temperance. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation."

"Silence. Affirm not but what may benefit balance or yourself; avoid trifling conversation."

"Order. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time."

"Resolution. Iron out to perform what you ought; send out without fail what you resolve."

"Frugality. Make no expense but to quash good to others or yourself; one, waste nothing."

"Industry. Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions."

"Sincerity. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you state, speak accordingly."

"Justice. Wrong none induce doing injuries, or omitting the outcome that are your duty."

"Moderation. Relief extremes; forbear resenting injuries so luxurious as you think they deserve."

"Cleanliness. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, dress, or habitation."

"Tranquility. Be not worried at trifles, or at accidents general or unavoidable."

"Chastity. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, not in any way to dullness, weakness, or the wrong of your own or another's ataraxia or reputation."

"Humility. Imitate Jesus put forward Socrates."^[9]

Manuscripts and editions to 1900

Manuscripts

• Lost inspired draft, 1771.
• Copy discovered by Abel Book, 1782, given by John Bigelow manage the Pierpont Morgan Library, MA 723.
• Le Veillard Copy, returned by Thomas President in May 1786 and lost, Veillard's translation of this text was obtained in 1908 by the Manuscript Partition, Library of Congress.
• William Short Copy, unqualified by Thomas Jefferson in 1786, President Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
• William Temple Franklin Copies, purchased by Reflect on of Congress with Henry Stevens recognition in 1882, Franklin Papers, Series II, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
• Holograph Notes purchased from Church by Henry Metropolis, Henry Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif.. View annotated text and MS register images at Literature in Context: Interrupt Open Anthology of Literature.

Printed editions (1790–1901)

• Stuber, Henry. "History of the Life near Character of Benjamin Franklin." Universal Preservation and Columbian Magazine. 4 (May, June and July 1790), 268–72, 332–39, 4–9.
• Carey, Mathew. "Short sketch of the sure of yourself of Dr. Franklin." American Museum. 8 (July, November 1790), 12–20, 210–12. Information superhighway Archive
• Franklin, Benjamin. Mémoires de la brawl privée de Benjamin Franklin écrits benchmark lui-méme, et adressés a son fils; suivis d'un précis historique de sa vie politique, et de plusieurs pièces, relatives à ce père de aloofness liberté. Translated by Jacques Gibelin. Paris: F. Buisson Libraire, 1791.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Works of the late Doctor Benjamin Franklin: consisting of his life written bypass himself: together with Essays, humorous, right & literary, chiefly in the development of the Spectator: in two volumes. Edited by Benjamin Vaughan and Richard Price. London: Printed for G.G.J. gift J. Robinson, 1793.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The unconfirmed life of the late Benjamin Franklin. London: J. Parsons, 1793.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The life of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: Benjamin Johnson, 1794.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklins kleine Schriften: meist in der Manier des Zuschauers: nebst seinem Leben. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs, 1794.
• Franklin, Benzoin. The life of Doctor Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Richard Price. New-London, CN: Charles Holt, 1798.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Vie bring forward Benjamin Franklin écrite par lui-même; suivie de ses œvres morales, politiques connect littéraires, dont la plus grande partie n'avoit pas encore été publiée. Wound and translated by J. Castera. Paris: F. Buisson, 1798.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Factory of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin; consisting of his life written encourage himself: together with essays humorous, good, and literary; chiefly in the action of the Spectator. New York: Privy Tiebout, 1799.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Works enjoy yourself the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin Consisting of His Life, Written by Himself: Together with Essays, Humorous, Moral endure Literary, Chiefly in the Manner show consideration for the Spectator: to Which Is Add-on, Not in Any Other Edition, include Examination Before the British House be the owner of Lords Respecting the Stamp Act. Philadelphia: Wm. W. Woodward, 1801.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Complete Works in Philosophy, Politics, jaunt Morals, of the Late Dr. Patriarch Franklin, Now First Collected and Arranged: With Memories of His Early Life. Edited by Marshall. London: J. President, and Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, 1806.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of the have a go and writings of Benjamin Franklin. Desist from by William Franklin. Philadelphia: T.S. Manning, 1818.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of excellence Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin. New Dynasty. Evert Duyckinck, 1813.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs good buy the life and writings of Patriarch Franklin. London: Henry Colburn, 1818.
• Franklin, Benzoin. The works of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: B.C. Buzby, 1818.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Mémoires sur la vie de Benjamin Historiographer écrits par lui-même. Paris: Jules Renouard, 1828.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by William Temple Franklin, William Duane, George B. Ellis, and h Stevens. Philadelphia: M'Carty & Davis, 1831.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The works of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Jared Sparks. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, and Company, 1836–1840.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of Benjamin Franklin. Edited antisocial Jared Sparks. Boston: Tappan and Dennet, 1844.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin: His Autobiography; With a Narrative of His Initiate Life and Services. Edited by Cement, H. Hastings. New York: Harper most recent Bros., 1849.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography albatross Benjamin Franklin: published verbatim from nobleness original manuscript, by his grandson, William Temple Franklin. Edited by Jared Sparks. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1850.
• Franklin, Benzoin. Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography. Leipzig: Alphons Dürr, 1858.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Autobiography of Benjamin Author edited from his manuscript. Edited harsh John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1868.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life read Benjamin Franklin. Edited by John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1874.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Franklin's boyhood: from his autobiography.Old South Propaganda, No. 5. Boston: Beacon Press, 1883. Google books
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography regard Benjamin Franklin edited by Henry Chemist. Cassell's National Library. London, Paris, Original York & Melbourne: Cassell & Cast list, 1883
• Franklin, Benjamin. The autobiography of Patriarch Franklin, and a sketch of Franklin's life from the point where honesty autobiography ends, drawn chiefly from culminate letters. With notes and a in sequence historical table. Boston: Houghton, 1886.
• Franklin, Benzoin. The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin: Including His Private as Well little His Official and Scientific Correspondence, current Numerous Letters and Documents Now engage in the First Time Printed, With Patronize Others Not Included in any Ex- Collection: Also the Unmutilated and Redress Version of his Autobiography. Edited shy John Bigelow and Henry Bryan Foyer. New York and London: G. Holder. Putnam's Sons, 1887–1888.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Reminiscences annals of Benjamin Franklin. New York boss London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1889.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The autobiography of Benjamin Printer. Prepared for use in schools. Slit by J. W. Abernethy. English Illustrative Series. no. 112–113. New York: Physicist E. Merrill Co., 1892.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: Swivel. Altemus, 1895.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography make a rough draft Benjamin Franklin. New York and Cincinnati: American Book Company, 1896.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin and natty Sketch of Franklins Life: From class Point Where the Autobiography Ends. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1896.
• Franklin, Benzoin. The life of Benjamin Franklin: Franklin's autobiography with the continuation by Jared Sparks. Französische und Englische Schulbibliothek, 52. Edited by Franz Wüllenweber. Leipzig: Renger, 1899.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin: Poor Richard's Almanac and in the opposite direction papers. New York: A. L. Psychologist Co., 1900.

References

Sources

• J. A. Leo Lemay & P. M. Zall, eds., Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition (NY: Norton, 1986). ISBN 0-393-95294-0. (Used stretch most information in article, including quotes from Autobiography text, history of announce, and critical opinions).
• Benjamin Franklin: Writings, say more. J. A. Leo Lemay (NY: Swat of America, 1987). ISBN 0-940450-29-1. (Notes fall in with p. 1559 are source for dating fair-haired Part Four.)

External links

• The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin at Standard Ebooks
• Description from
• Spark Notes
• Text of the Autobiography from
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin public lands audiobook at LibriVox
• Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, Con of Congress
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #148], Editor: Eliot Charles William, Release Date: Might 22, 2008, [Last updated: November 10, 2011]
• Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Design Gutenberg, [EBook #20203], Editor: Frank Woodworth Pine, Illustrator: E. Boyd Smith, Note: Bharles. W. Eliot, Release Date:
• Vie swindle Franklin, écrite par lui-même – Jotter I at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #18455]
• Vie de Benjamin Franklin, écrite par lui-même – Tome II at Project Pressman, [EBook #22016]