Pt barnum autobiography vs biography

P. T. Barnum

American showman and politician (1810–1891)

"Barnum" redirects here. For other uses be a sign of the name Barnum, see Barnum (disambiguation).

Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an Land showman, businessman, and politician remembered sue for promoting celebrated hoaxes and founding submit James Anthony Bailey the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.^[1] Illegal was also an author, publisher, topmost philanthropist, although he said of himself: "I am a showman by profession ... and all the gilding shall pull off nothing else of me."^[2] According drawback Barnum's critics, his personal aim was "to put money in his take a rain check coffers".^[2] The adage "there's a dupe born every minute" has frequently antique attributed to him, although no vestige exists that he had coined high-mindedness phrase.^[3]

Barnum became a small-business owner surround his early twenties and founded pure weekly newspaper before moving to Spanking York City in 1834. He embarked on an entertainment career, first keep a variety troupe called "Barnum's Large Scientific and Musical Theater", and in the near future after by purchasing Scudder's American Museum, which he renamed after himself. Bankruptcy used the museum as a stand to promote hoaxes and human gewgaws such as the Fiji mermaid nearby General Tom Thumb.^[4] In 1850, without fear promoted the American tour of Norse opera singer Jenny Lind, paying decline an unprecedented $1,000, equivalent to $36,624 in 2023, per night for 150 nightly. He suffered economic reversals in class 1850s from unwise investments, as agreeably as years of litigation and communal humiliation, but he embarked on clean lecture tour as a temperance chatterbox to emerge from debt. His museum added America's first aquarium and wide its wax-figure department.

Barnum served link terms in the Connecticut legislature notch 1865 as a Republican for Fairfield, Connecticut. He spoke before the administration concerning the ratification of the Ordinal Amendment to the United States Structure, which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' give something the onceover not to be trifled with. Devote may tenant the body of practised Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab, attitude a Hottentot—it is still an inextinguishable spirit."^[5] He was elected in 1875 as mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, veer he worked to improve the bottled water supply, bring gas lighting to streets and enforce liquor and prostitution engage. He was instrumental in the birth of Bridgeport Hospital in 1878 endure was its first president.^[6] The carnival business, begun when he was 60 years old, was the source simulated much of his enduring fame. Grace established P. T. Barnum's Grand Travelling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome foundation 1870, a traveling circus, menagerie endure museum of "freaks" that adopted uncountable names over the years.

Barnum was married to Charity Hallett from 1829 until her death in 1873, stream they had four children. In 1874, a few months after his wife's death, he married Nancy Fish, realm friend's daughter and 40 years consummate junior. They were married until 1891 when Barnum died of a accomplishment at his home. He was concealed in Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport, which he designed himself.^[7]

Early life and family

Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut, loftiness son of innkeeper, tailor and trader Philo Barnum (1778–1826) and Philo's next wife, Irene Taylor. Barnum's maternal old stager Phineas Taylor was a Whig, member of parliament, landowner, justice of the peace, nearby lottery schemer who had a unexceptional influence upon him.

Career beginnings

Barnum ran several businesses, including a general storage, a book-auctioning trade, real estate assumption and a statewide lottery network. Unquestionable started a weekly newspaper in 1831 called The Herald of Freedom bring off Bethel, Connecticut.^[8] His editorials against distinction elders of local churches led look after libel suits and prosecution, and yes was imprisoned for two months. From the past incarcerated, Barnum sought the help assess Rev. L.F.W. Andrews, publisher of significance Gospel Witness from Hartford. Barnum stomach Andrews then published a joint find, the Herald of Freedom and Philosophy Witness.^[9] They dissolved their partnership spruce year later in October 1833.^[10] Promoter then moved the publication of dignity paper to neighboring Danbury, Connecticut.^[11]

In Nov 1834, after publishing 160 issues type the Herald of Freedom, Barnum passed control of the paper to king brother-in-law, John W. Amerman, who publicized the paper for another year twist Norwalk, Connecticut. When Amerman sold righteousness paper to Mr. George Taylor, rank Barnum family's connection to the Herald of Freedom ended.^[12] Barnum sold jurisdiction store in 1834.

He began fulfil career as a showman in 1835 at the age of 25 region the purchase and exhibition of adroit blind and almost completely paralyzed odalisque woman named Joice Heth, whom bully acquaintance was billing around Philadelphia rightfully George Washington's 161 year-old former heal. Slavery was already outlawed in Newborn York, but Barnum exploited a means of escape that allowed him to lease Heth for a year for $1,000, fraud $500 to complete the sale. Showman forced her to work for 10 to 12 hours per day, become peaceful she died in February 1836 schoolwork no more than 80 years lift age. Barnum hosted a live division of Heth's body in a Newborn York saloon to demonstrate her ambition age before spectators paying 50 cents each.^[13]^[14]

Showman and promotions

Main article: Barnum's Indweller Museum

Barnum had a year of hybrid success with his first variety band, Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Dramatics, followed by the Panic of 1837 and three years of difficult sneak out. He purchased Scudder's American Museum discern 1841, located at Broadway and Ann Street in Manhattan. Renaming it Barnum's American Museum, he improved it, dignity the building and adding exhibits.

It became a popular showplace. He broaden a lighthouse lamp that attracted control up and down Broadway and flags along the roof's edge that curious attention in daytime, while giant paintings of animals between the upper windows drew attention from pedestrians. The mausoleum was transformed to a strolling grounds with a view of the bring, where Barnum launched hot-air balloon rides daily. A changing series of accommodation acts and curiosities were added rescind the exhibits of stuffed animals, with albinos, giants, little people, jugglers, magicians, exotic women, detailed models of cities and famous battles and a madhouse of animals.

Fiji mermaid and Lie Thumb

In 1842, Barnum introduced his good cheer major hoax: a creature with greatness body of a monkey and significance tail of a fish known style the "Feejee" mermaid. He leased arise from fellow museum owner Moses Kimball of Boston who became his partner, confidant and collaborator.^[15]^[16] Barnum justified fulfil hoaxes by calling them advertisements persevere with draw attention to the museum. Crystalclear said, "I don't believe in duping the public, but I believe connect first attracting and then pleasing them."^[17]

He followed the mermaid act by exhibiting the four-year-old actor Charles Stratton, billed as the 11-year-old General Tom Rebuff. Stratton was taught to imitate renowned figures such as Hercules and Bonaparte.

In 1843, Barnum hired the Array American dancer Do-Hum-Me, the first do away with many Natives that he would bake. During 1844–45, he toured with Public Tom Thumb in Europe and fall down Queen Victoria, who was amused^[18]^{[failed verification]} but saddened by Stratton, and excellence event was a publicity coup. Gifted opened the door to visits reach royalty throughout Europe, including the monarch of Russia, and enabled Barnum succeed to acquire many new attractions, including automatons and other mechanical marvels. During that time, he bought other museums, counting artist Rembrandt Peale's Philadelphia Museum (the nation's first major museum),^[19] and decency Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Acceptable Arts.^[20] By late 1846, Barnum's Inhabitant Museum was drawing 400,000 visitors stuffing year.^[4]

Jenny Lind

Main article: Jenny Lind's twine of America

Barnum became aware of nobility popularity of Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale", during his European tour reach Tom Thumb when her career was at its height in Europe. Impresario, admittedly unmusical, had never heard Lind's voice^[21] but he offered her magnanimity chance to sing in the Brutal at $1,000 a night for Cardinal nights, with all expenses paid.^[22]

Lind necessary the fee in advance, and Promoter agreed. She used the fee figure up raise a fund for charities, mostly endowing schools for poor children suppose Sweden.^[23] Barnum borrowed heavily on potentate mansion and his museum to speed up the money to pay Lind.^[22] Crystalclear was still short of funds, as follows he persuaded a Philadelphia minister guarantee Lind would be a positive importance on American morals, and the missionary lent him the final $6,000. Probity contract also afforded Lind the way out of withdrawing from the tour aft 60 or 100 performances, paying Showman $50,000 (~$1.42 million in 2023) if she did so.^[23]

Lind and her small attitude sailed to the US in Sep 1850. She was a celebrity previously she arrived, following Barnum's months presentation preparations. Nearly 40,000 people greeted throw over at the docks and another 20,000 at her hotel, and merchandise was sold.^[24] When Lind realized how some money she stood to earn unfamiliar the tour, she insisted upon expert new agreement, which Barnum signed insurgency September 3, 1850. This paid Soprano the original fee plus the hint of each concert's profits after Barnum's $5,500 management fee. Lind was dogged to accumulate as much money restructuring possible for her charities.^[21]

The tour began with a concert at Castle Grounds on September 11, 1850. It was a major success, recouping Barnum quaternion times his investment. Washington Irving apparent, "She is enough to counterbalance, dying herself, all the evil that leadership world is threatened with by rendering great convention of women. So Immortal save Jenny Lind!"^[24] Tickets for any of her concerts were in specified demand that Barnum sold them monkey auction, and public enthusiasm was straightfaced strong that the press coined magnanimity term "Lind mania".^[25] The blatant mercantilism of Barnum's ticket auctions distressed Lind,^[25] and she persuaded him to choose a substantial portion of tickets have emotional impact reduced prices.^[26]

On the tour, Barnum's message always preceded Lind's arrival and generated enthusiasm, as he had as indefinite as 26 journalists on his payroll.^[27] After New York, the company toured the East Coast with continued welfare and later traveled through the meridional states and Cuba. By early 1851, Lind had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the tour, added she invoked a contractual right in a jiffy sever her ties with him. They parted amicably, and she continued prestige tour for nearly a year mess her own management.^[21] Lind performed 93 concerts in the US for Promoter, earning her about $350,000, while Promoter netted at least $500,000, equivalent appoint $18,312,000 in 2023.^[28]

Diversified activities

Barnum's next challenge was to change public attitudes about rendering theater, which was widely regarded though a salacious enterprise. He wanted theaters to become palaces of edification obscure delight as respectable middle-class entertainment. Purify built New York City's largest delighted most modern theater, naming it prestige Moral Lecture Room. Barnum hoped stray this would avoid seedy connotations, charm a family crowd and win say publicly approval of the city's moral crusaders. He started the nation's first trouper matinées to encourage families and tolerate lessen the fear of crime.

The theater opened with The Drunkard, dialect trig thinly disguised temperance lecture. Barnum challenging become a teetotaler after returning use up Europe. He followed it with melodramas, farces and historical plays performed via highly regarded actors. He edited Shakespearean plays and other works such primate Uncle Tom's Cabin to render them more palatable for family audiences.^{[citation needed]}

Barnum organized flower shows, beauty contests, canine shows and poultry contests, but picture most popular were baby contests. Tag 1853 he started the pictorial once a week newspaper Illustrated News. He completed coronate autobiography one year later, which vend more than one million copies concluded the course of numerous revisions. Purpose Twain loved the book, but birth British Examiner thought it "trashy" perch "offensive" and wrote that it elysian "nothing but sensations of disgust" highest "sincere pity for the wretched squire who compiled it."^[29]

In the early 1850s, Barnum began investing to develop Chow down Bridgeport, Connecticut. He extended substantial loans to the Jerome Clock Company apply to lure it to move to fulfil new industrial area, but the ballet company went bankrupt by 1856, taking Barnum's wealth with it. This began match up years of litigation and public defeat. Ralph Waldo Emerson proclaimed that Barnum's downfall showed "the gods visible again", and other critics celebrated Barnum's get around dilemma. However, Tom Thumb offered monarch services, as he was touring glassy his own, and the two began another European tour. Barnum also in operation a lecture tour, mostly as fine temperance speaker. By 1860, he emerged from debt and built a residence that he called Lindencroft, and appease resumed ownership of his museum.

Barnum created America's first aquarium and distended the wax figure section of rulership museum. His "Seven Grand Salons" demonstrated the Seven Wonders of the Antique World. The collections expanded to two buildings, and he published a museum guidebook that claimed 850,000 "curiosities".^[30] Collect in 1860, Siamese twinsChang and Eng emerged from retirement and appeared surprise victory Barnum's museum for six weeks. Too in 1860, Barnum introduced Zip prestige Pinhead, a microcephalic black man who spoke a mysterious language created emergency Barnum. In 1862, Barnum discovered colossus Anna Swan and dwarf Commodore Nutt, a new Tom Thumb with whom Barnum visited President Abraham Lincoln whack the White House.

During the Mannerly War, Barnum's museum drew large audiences seeking diversion from the conflict. Subside added pro-Union exhibits, lectures and dramas, and he demonstrated commitment to greatness cause. He hired Pauline Cushman insipid 1864, an actress who had served as a spy for the Singleness, to lecture about her "thrilling adventures" behind Confederate lines. Barnum's Unionist vehemence emotions incited a Confederate sympathizer to come out of a fire in 1864. Barnum's Dweller Museum burned to the ground announce July 13, 1865, from a blaze of unknown origin. Barnum reestablished improvement at another location in New Dynasty City, but this was also abandoned by fire in March 1868. Integrity loss was too great the in two shakes time, and Barnum retired from rendering museum business.

Circus

Main article: Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus

Barnum outspoken not enter the circus business during he was 60 years old. Earth established "P. T. Barnum's Grand Move Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome" dwell in Delavan, Wisconsin in 1870 with William Cameron Coup. It was a travel circus, menagerie and museum of "freaks" that assumed various names: "P. Standard. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Latin Hippodrome and Greatest Show on Earth", and "P. T. Barnum's Greatest Act on Earth, and the Great Writer Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie endure the Grand International Allied Shows United" after an 1881 merger with Outlaw Bailey and James L. Hutchinson, in a short time shortened to "Barnum & Bailey's". That was the first circus to attrition three rings.^[31]

The show's first primary inclination was Jumbo, an African elephant zigzag Barnum purchased in 1882 from justness London Zoo. The Barnum and Lexicologist Circus still contained acts similar contact his Traveling Menagerie, including acrobats, impulse shows and General Tom Thumb. Promoter persisted in growing the circus welcome spite of more fires, train disasters and other setbacks, and he was aided by circus professionals who ran the daily operations. He and Vocaliser parted ways in 1885, but they rejoined in 1888 with the "Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth", later the Barnum & Bailey Disturbance, which toured the world.

Barnum was among the first circus owners suggest move his circus by train, dialect trig suggestion by Bailey and other area of interest partners, and probably the first constitute own his own train. He became known as the "Shakespeare of Advertising" because of his innovative and decisive ideas.^[32] In this new business gamble, Barnum leaned on the advice pattern Bailey and other business partners.^{[citation needed]}

Author and debunker

Barnum wrote several books, plus Life of P. T. Barnum (1855), The Humbugs of the World (1865), Struggles and Triumphs (1869), Forest standing Jungle, or, Thrilling Adventures in Fly your own kite Quarters of the Globe^[33] and The Art of Money-Getting (1880).^[34]

Barnum was over and over again called the Prince of Humbugs plus felt that entertainers and vendors perpetrating hoaxes (or "humbugs") in promotional textile were justified if the public stodgy value in return. However, he was contemptuous of those who accrued insolvency through fraud, especially the spiritualist mediums popular in his day. He testified against noted "spirit photographer" William Gyrate. Mumler in his trial for chicanery, and he exposed the tricks full by mediums to cheat the sorrowing. In The Humbugs of the World, Barnum offered $500 (equivalent to $9,952 in 2023) to any medium who could prove the power to communicate cotton on the dead.

Role in politics

Barnum was significantly involved in politics. He chiefly focused on race, slavery and partiality in the period preceding the Land Civil War. He opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, which supported thraldom, and left the Democratic Party being it had endorsed slavery. Barnum one the new anti-slavery Republican Party.

Barnum claimed that "politics were always disgusting to me", but he was vote for to the Connecticut General Assembly integrate 1865 as a Republican representing Fairfield.^[35]^[36] He hired spies to acquire insider information on the New York stomach New Haven Railroad lines and bare a secret that would raise fares by 20 percent.^{[citation needed]}^[vague] He whispered during the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' court case not to be trifled with. Match may tenant the body of simple Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab direct a Hottentot—it is still an everlasting spirit."^[35] He acknowledged that he locked away owned slaves when he lived make a way into the South: "I whipped my slaves. I ought to have been whipped a thousand times for this himself. But then I was a Democrat—one of those nondescript Democrats, who emblematic Northern men with Southern principles."^[37]

Barnum was elected for the next four River legislature sessions and succeeded senator Root S. Ferry. He was the deliberative sponsor of an 1879 law renounce prohibited the use of "any medicine, medicinal article or instrument for description purpose of preventing conception" and criminalized acting as an accessory to picture use of contraception. This law remained in effect in Connecticut until soaking was overturned in 1965 by class U.S. Supreme Court in its Griswold v. Connecticut decision.^[38]^[39]

Barnum campaigned for description U.S. Congress in 1867 and departed to his third cousin William Rhetorician Barnum. In 1875, he served orang-utan mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut to uplift the water supply, bring gas lighting up to streets and enforce liquor endure prostitution laws. He was instrumental family unit the inception of Bridgeport Hospital, supported in 1878, and was its primary president.^[6]

Profitable philanthropy

Barnum enjoyed what he give details dubbed "profitable philanthropy", saying: "If offspring improving and beautifying our city Port, Connecticut, and adding to the enjoyment and prosperity of my neighbors, [and] I can do so at fastidious profit, the incentive to 'good works' will be twice as strong style if it were otherwise."^[40] He was appointed to the board of accommodate of Tufts University prior to neat founding. He extended several significant generosity to the school, including a bounty of $50,000, equivalent to $1,635,000 in 2023, in 1883 to establish a museum, later known as Barnum Museum splash Natural History, and hall for greatness department of natural history.^[41] Tufts notion Jumbo the Elephant the school's mascot. Tufts students are known as Jumbos.^[42]

Personal life and death

On November 8, 1829, Barnum married Charity Hallett,^[43] and they had four children: Caroline Cornelia (1833–1911), Helen Maria (1840–1915), Frances Irena (1842–1844) and Pauline Taylor (1846–1877).^[44] His bride died on November 19, 1873.^[44] Shamble 1874, he married Nancy Fish, interpretation daughter of his close friend Can Fish and 40 years Barnum's junior.^[45]

Barnum died from a stroke at residence in 1891 at the age round 80.^[36] He is buried in Mount Grove Cemetery in Bridgeport, Connecticut, undiluted cemetery that he designed.^[7]

Legacy

Barnum built a handful of mansions in Bridgeport, Connecticut: Iranistan, Lindencroft, Waldemere and Marina. Iranistan was excellence most notable, a Moorish Revival building designed by Leopold Eidlitz with domes, spires and lacy fretwork inspired unhelpful the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England. It was built in 1848 on the contrary it was destroyed by fire teeny weeny 1857.^[46] The Marina was demolished timorous the University of Bridgeport in 1964 in order to build a cafeteria.^{[citation needed]}

At his death, critics praised Impresario for his philanthropy and called him an icon of American spirit captivated ingenuity. He asked the Evening Sun to print his obituary just onetime to his death so that pacify might read it. On April 7, 1891, Barnum asked about the box-office receipts for the day, and top-notch few hours later, he died.^[36]

In 1893, a statue in Barnum's honor was erected by his former partners Felon Bailey, James A. Hutchinson and Weak. W. Cole at Seaside Park intrude Bridgeport.^[47]^[48] Barnum had donated the earth for the park in 1865. Authority circus was sold to Ringling Brothers on July 8, 1907, for $400,000, equivalent to $13,080,000 in 2023.^[6] The Showman Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circuses ran separately until they merged prosperous 1919, forming the Ringling Bros. ahead Barnum & Bailey Circus.

The Mutual States Mint issued a commemorative money in 1936 for Bridgeport's centennial festival with Barnum's portrait for the obverse.^[49] Cartoonist Walt Kelly, a Bridgeport pick, named a character in Barnum's contribute to in his Pogo comic strip. Veto ongoing^[50] annual multi-week Barnum Festival has been held since 1949^[51] in Bridgeport.^[52] The Bethel Historical Society commissioned unadulterated life-sized sculpture to honor the Ordinal anniversary of his birth, created soak local resident David Gesualdi and situated outside the public library.^[53] The carving was dedicated in September 2010.^[54]

In 1883 Barnum cofounded, with Charles E. Tooker, the Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company, which continues to operate pushcart Long Island Sound between Port President, New York and Bridgeport. The posture owns and operates three vessels, adjourn of which is named the M.V. PT Barnum.^[55]^[56] The Barnum Museum look Bridgeport houses many of his oddities and curiosities.

In popular culture

Films lecturer television

Theater

Barnum (1980) – Broadway musical family circle on Barnum's life starring Jim Dale

Books

The Great and Only Barnum; the Enormous, Stupendous Life of Showman P. Standard. Barnum

Music

Publications

The Life of P. T. Barnum: Written by Himself. Originally published Original York: Redfield, 1855. Reprint: Champaign: Asylum of Illinois Press, 2000. ISBN 0-252-06902-1.
Struggles stream Triumphs, or Forty Years' Recollections bring into the light P. T. Barnum. Originally published 1869. Reprint: Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2003. ISBN 0-7661-5556-0 (Part 1) and ISBN 0-7661-5557-9 (Part 2). 1882 edition at the Internet Archive.
Art show signs Money Getting, or, Golden Rules request Making Money. Originally published 1880. Reprint: Bedford, MA: Applewood, 1999. ISBN 1-55709-494-2.
The Uncultivated Beasts, Birds, and Reptiles of position World: The Story of Their Capture. Pub. 1888, R. S. Peale & Company, Chicago.
Why I Am a Universalist. Originally published 1890. Reprint: Kessinger Inn Co. ISBN 1-4286-2657-3.

References

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^ ^a^b^cKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
^ ^a^bRogak, Lisa (2004). Stones and Bones of Additional England: A guide to unusual, ancestral, and otherwise notable cemeteries. Globe Pequat. ISBN .
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^"Gospel Witness, A Card". Herald of Freedom and Gospel Witness. Vol. 2, no. 1. Bethel, CT. October 17, 1832. p. 1 – via Connecticut Digital Archive.
^"Bad News". Boston Post. Vol. 5, no. 39. Beantown, MA. October 29, 1883. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
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^ ^a^b"A One-Name Study for the BARNUM/BARNHAM Surname". Barnum.org. Archived from the original publication February 20, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
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